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{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
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|{{p|- Sources cited in table headings are the ''default'' sources, cited unless otherwise specified.<br />- Table text is right-justified to make it easier to compare numbers visually.}}
|colspan="6" align="center"|'''Mining'''
|colspan="6" align="center"|'''Mining'''
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!Mineral
!Mineral
!Labor<br />intensity<br /><small>(hours/tonne)</small>
!Labor<br />intensity<ref>Estimated from the market prices of minerals (unless otherwise specified) (www.dailymetalprice.com - Feb 17, 2023 - although ideally it would be better to use prices ''averaged'' over a year or two), using ''very'' simplified assumptions: global average wages of $4/hour; wages account for 1/3 of the mineral's market price. These assumptions are far from perfect, so if you know of more accurate data on the labor-intensity of any mineral, please post it in the {{talk}} and we can fit it in the table.</ref><br /><small>(hours/tonne)</small>
!Energy<br />intensity<br /><small>(GJ/tonne)</small>
!Energy<br />intensity<br /><small>(GJ/tonne)</small>
!Land<br />intensity<br /><small>(m<sup>2</sup>/tonne)</small>
!Land<br />intensity<br /><small>(m<sup>2</sup>/tonne)</small>
!Global<br />production<br /><small>(tonnes/year)</small>
!Global<br />production<ref name="mcs2023">Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey, ISSN: 0076-8952 (print), https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023 - https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023.pdf</ref><br /><small>(tonnes/year)</small>
!Global<br />reserves<br /><small>(tonnes)</small>
!Global<br />reserves<ref name="mcs2023" /><br /><small>(tonnes)</small>
!Global<br />resources<br /><small>(tonnes)</small>
!Global<br />resources<ref name="mcs2023" /><br /><small>(tonnes)</small>
!Note
!Note
!Labor<br />intensity<br /><small>(hours/tonne)</small>
!Labor<br />intensity<br /><small>(hours/tonne)</small>
!Energy<br />intensity<br /><small>(GJ/tonne)</small>
!Energy<br />intensity<br /><small>(GJ/tonne)</small>
!Global<br />production<br /><small>(tonnes/year)</small>
!Global<br />production<ref name="mcs2023" /><br /><small>(tonnes/year)</small>
!Global<br />presence{{p|Defined as: The total amount ever mined to date. This could theoretically be seen as a "resource" to ''eventually'' recycle.}}<br /><small>(tonnes)</small>
!Global<br />presence{{p|Defined as: The total amount ever mined to date. This could theoretically be seen as a "resource" to ''eventually'' recycle.}}<br /><small>(tonnes)</small>
|-
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|Aluminium (Al)
|Aluminium (Al)
|200
|<ref>Aluminum Production - an overview - ScienceDirect Topics - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/aluminum-production</ref> : 61
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|69,000,000
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|{{p|<q>Global resources of bauxite are estimated to be between 55 billion and 75 billion (metric) tons and are sufficient to meet world demand for metal well into the future.</q> ... <q>As a general rule, 4 tons of dried bauxite is required to produce 2 tons of alumina, which, in turn, can be used to produce 1 ton of aluminum.</q>}} : 16,000,000,000
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|69,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023">Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey, ISSN: 0076-8952 (print), https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023 - https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023.pdf</ref>
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|{{p|<q>Global resources of bauxite are estimated to be between 55 billion and 75 billion (metric) tons and are sufficient to meet world demand for metal well into the future.</q> ... <q>As a general rule, 4 tons of dried bauxite is required to produce 2 tons of alumina, which, in turn, can be used to produce 1 ton of aluminum.</q>}} 16,000,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
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|{{p|In 2022, aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.4 million tons, of which about 56% came from new (manufacturing) scrap and 44% from old scrap (discarded aluminum products). Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 29% of apparent consumption.}}<ref name="mcs2023" />
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|{{p|In 2022, aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.4 million tons, of which about 56% came from new (manufacturing) scrap and 44% from old scrap (discarded aluminum products). Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 29% of apparent consumption.}}
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|Cement
|Cement
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|4,100,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|4,100,000,000
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|{{p|Cement also has non-energy-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions:<br />0.81 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub> per tonne cement.<br /><br />Also note that ''concrete'' is about 15% cement by mass; the rest is sand, rocks, and steel rebar.}}
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|Chromium (Cr)
|Chromium (Cr)
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|41,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|41,000,000
|560,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|560,000,000
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|-
|-
|Cobalt (Co)
|Cobalt (Co)
|<ref>Estimated as follows:{{dp|congo.cobalt_miners|255000|Number of people working in cobalt mines in the Congo|[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/drc-mining-industry-child-labor-and-formalization-small-scale-mining The DRC Mining Industry: Child Labor and Formalization of ...]<br /><q>Of the 255,000 Congolese mining for cobalt, 40,000 are children, some as young as six years.</q>}}{{dp|congo.cobalt_production|130000 tonnes/year|Amount of cobalt produced from mining in the Congo|Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023}}{{dp|full_time|40 hours/week||Due to lack of better data, we just have to we assume that the average miner works this many hours. Some maybe work more, some maybe work less.}}{{calc|congo.cobalt_miners * full_time / congo.cobalt_production|hours/tonne}}The Democratic Republic of Congo produces most of the world's cobalt, so it's reasonable to use this country for the calculation.</ref>{{p|If this was instead estimated the 'default' way (from mineral prices), it would be 2,974 hours/tonne. But that's likely an underestimate because most cobalt comes from the Congo where wages are much lower than the "$4/hour average wage" used in estimating labor from mineral prices.}} : 4,094
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|190,000
|190,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|8,300,000
|8,300,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|25,000,000
|25,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|<ref>Life cycle assessment of cobalt extraction process - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2019.03.002 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2300396018301836</ref>{{p|<q>Particles emitted during cobalt mining consists radioactive emissions, cancer-causing particles, and particles which may cause vision problems, vomiting and nausea, heart problems, and Thyroid damage. Cobalt is an important gamma-ray source which is used as a radio therapeutic agent for cancer treatment (Baskar, Lee, Yeo, & Yeoh, 2012).</q>}}
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|Copper (Cu)
|Copper (Cu)
|757
|<ref>Energy efficiency - Energy intensity in copper and gold mining - https://www.at-minerals.com/en/artikel/at_-3001684.html</ref> : 12
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|22,000,000
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|890,000,000
|22,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|{{p|<q>A U.S. Geological Survey study of global copper deposits indicated that, as of 2015, identified resources contained 2.1 billion tons of copper, and undiscovered resources contained an estimated 3.5 billion tons.</q>}} : 3,000,000,000
|890,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|{{p|<q>A U.S. Geological Survey study of global copper deposits indicated that, as of 2015, identified resources contained 2.1 billion tons of copper, and undiscovered resources contained an estimated 3.5 billion tons.</q>}} 3,000,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
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|Gold (Au)
|Gold (Au)
|4,935,542
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|3,100
|3,100 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|52,000
|52,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|{{p|15,000 discovered + 18,000 undiscovered<br />Not sure why this is lower than ''reserves''}} : 33,000
|{{p|15,000 discovered + 18,000 undiscovered}} 33,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
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|1,300,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|1,300,000
|330,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|330,000,000
|800,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|800,000,000
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|-
|Iron (Fe)
|Iron (Fe)
|50
|<ref>Material and energy flows of the iron and steel industry - ScienceDirect - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626192030458X</ref>{{p|per steel production}} : 20
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|1,600,000,000
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|85,000,000,000
|1,300,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|230,000,000,000
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|Lead (Pb)
|Lead (Pb)
|168
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|4,500,000
|4,500,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|85,000,000
|85,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|2,000,000,000
|2,000,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
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|Lithium (Li)
|Lithium (Li)
|5,724
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|{{p|Alternative estimate: 407 m^2/tonne, from <q>The high-altitude basin contains around 40 per cent of the world's lithium reserves in about 3000 square kilometres.</q> - <cite>New Scientist - Drought, not lithium mining, is drying out Chile's largest salt flat - https://www.newscientist.com/article/2345815-drought-not-lithium-mining-is-drying-out-chiles-largest-salt-flat/</cite>}}<ref><q>The most accessible and easy to extract resource only contains 1.9 Mt of lithium, spread out over 1,100 square kilometers of the salt body.</q> - <cite>TheDialogue - Energy Advisor - Is Chile Losing Ground to Other Lithium Producers? - https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/is-chile-losing-ground-to-other-lithium-producers/</cite></ref> : 58
|130,000
|26,000,000
|98,000,000
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|-
|Nickel (Ni)
|2,189
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|130,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|
|26,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|3,300,000
|98,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|100,000,000
|300,000,000
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|-
|-
|Nickel (Ni)
|Oil
|48
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|<ref>
Estimated from Alberta oil sands (Canada):
<q>...140,000 km<sup>2</sup> oil sands deposit in Northern Alberta...</q>
<q>Using currently available technology and under the current economic conditions, there are 165 billion barrels of remaining established reserves in the oil sands deposits of Northern Alberta.</q>
<cite>Oil sands 101 - Alberta.ca - https://www.alberta.ca/oil-sands-101.aspx</cite>
</ref> : 6
|<ref name="oil">Feb 17, 2023 - World Oil Statistics - Worldometer - https://www.worldometers.info/oil/</ref> : 5,064,140,000
|<ref name="oil" /> : 235,838,240,000
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|3,300,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|100,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|300,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
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|-
|-
|PGMs {{p|Platinum-group metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru, Os)}}
|PGMs {{p|Platinum-group metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru, Os)}}
|{{p|based on a 50/50 average of platinum and palladium prices}} : 3,237,432
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|400
|400 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|70,000
|70,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|100,000
|100,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
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|290,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|290,000,000
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|380,000,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|380,000,000
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|Silver (Ag)
|Silver (Ag)
|58,236
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|26,000
|26,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|550,000
|550,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
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|{{p|<q>Production and reserves are associated with the recovery of monazite in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Without demand for the rare earths, monazite likely would not be recovered for its thorium content under current market conditions.</q>}} <ref name="mcs2023" />
|{{p|<q>Production and reserves are associated with the recovery of monazite in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Without demand for the rare earths, monazite likely would not be recovered for its thorium content under current market conditions.</q>}}
|6,400,000 <ref name="mcs2023" />
|6,400,000
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|{{p|If [[breeder reactors]] succeed as a technology, thorium could offer a lot more [[energy]] than it takes to mine it.<br /><br />Additional thorium resources could maybe be obtained from ordinary dirt, but we don't know yet whether this would really be [[Term:viable|viable]]: The labor/energy/land intensity of this option is still unknown.{{rn}} Average soil concentration of thorium is (6 ppm).<ref>Toxicological Profile for Thorium - https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp147-c5.pdf</ref>}}
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|Uranium (U)
|Uranium (U)
|9,517
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|8,070,000 <ref>Uranium 2020: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book') <q>The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U.</q></ref>
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|{{p|The energy ''density'' of uranium is much higher, at 574699 GJ/tonne for conventional nuclear reactors, and 82099829 GJ/tonne as a theoretical maximum for [[breeder reactors]].<br /><br />Uranium occurs in nature as a mix of two isotopes: U235 (0.7%) and U238 (99.3%). Conventional nuclear reactors can only make use of the U235 component.}}
|<ref>Uranium 2020: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book') <q>The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U.</q></ref> : 8,070,000
|{{p|Uranium offers a lot more [[energy]] than it takes to mine it. The energy ''density'' of uranium is 574699 GJ/tonne for conventional nuclear reactors, and 82099829 GJ/tonne as a theoretical maximum for [[breeder reactors]].<br /><br />Uranium occurs in nature as a mix of two isotopes: U235 (0.7%) and U238 (99.3%). Conventional nuclear reactors can only make use of the U235 component.}}
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