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|{{p|- Sources cited in table headings are the ''default'' sources, cited unless otherwise specified.<br />- Table text is right-justified to make it easier to compare numbers visually.}} | |{{p|- Sources cited in table headings are the ''default'' sources, cited unless otherwise specified.<br />- Table text is right-justified to make it easier to compare numbers visually.}} | ||
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!Energy<br />intensity<br /><small>(GJ/tonne)</small> | !Energy<br />intensity<br /><small>(GJ/tonne)</small> | ||
!Land<br />intensity<br /><small>(m<sup>2</sup>/tonne)</small> | !Land<br />intensity<br /><small>(m<sup>2</sup>/tonne)</small> | ||
!Global<br />production<ref name="mcs2023">Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey, ISSN: 0076-8952 (print), https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023 - https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023.pdf</ref | !Global<br />production<ref name="mcs2023">Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey, ISSN: 0076-8952 (print), https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023 - https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023.pdf</ref><br /><small>(tonnes/year)</small> | ||
!Global<br />reserves<ref name="mcs2023" /><br /><small>(tonnes)</small> | !Global<br />reserves<ref name="mcs2023" /><br /><small>(tonnes)</small> | ||
!Global<br />resources<ref name="mcs2023" /><br /><small>(tonnes)</small> | !Global<br />resources<ref name="mcs2023" /><br /><small>(tonnes)</small> | ||
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|Cobalt (Co) | |Cobalt (Co) | ||
|{{p| | |<ref>Estimated as follows:{{dp|congo.cobalt_miners|255000|Number of people working in cobalt mines in the Congo|[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/drc-mining-industry-child-labor-and-formalization-small-scale-mining The DRC Mining Industry: Child Labor and Formalization of ...]<br /><q>Of the 255,000 Congolese mining for cobalt, 40,000 are children, some as young as six years.</q>}}{{dp|congo.cobalt_production|130000 tonnes/year|Amount of cobalt produced from mining in the Congo|Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023}}{{dp|full_time|40 hours/week||Due to lack of better data, we just have to we assume that the average miner works this many hours. Some maybe work more, some maybe work less.}}{{calc|congo.cobalt_miners * full_time / congo.cobalt_production|hours/tonne}}The Democratic Republic of Congo produces most of the world's cobalt, so it's reasonable to use this country for the calculation.</ref>{{p|If this was instead estimated the 'default' way (from mineral prices), it would be 2,974 hours/tonne. But that's likely an underestimate because most cobalt comes from the Congo where wages are much lower than the "$4/hour average wage" used in estimating labor from mineral prices.}} : 4,094 | ||
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|5,724 | |5,724 | ||
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| | |{{p|Alternative estimate: 407 m^2/tonne, from <q>The high-altitude basin contains around 40 per cent of the world's lithium reserves in about 3000 square kilometres.</q> - <cite>New Scientist - Drought, not lithium mining, is drying out Chile's largest salt flat - https://www.newscientist.com/article/2345815-drought-not-lithium-mining-is-drying-out-chiles-largest-salt-flat/</cite>}}<ref><q>The most accessible and easy to extract resource only contains 1.9 Mt of lithium, spread out over 1,100 square kilometers of the salt body.</q> - <cite>TheDialogue - Energy Advisor - Is Chile Losing Ground to Other Lithium Producers? - https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/is-chile-losing-ground-to-other-lithium-producers/</cite></ref> : 58 | ||
|130,000 | |130,000 | ||
|26,000,000 | |26,000,000 | ||
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|48 | |48 | ||
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| | |<ref> | ||
Estimated from Alberta oil sands (Canada): | |||
<q>...140,000 km<sup>2</sup> oil sands deposit in Northern Alberta...</q> | |||
<q>Using currently available technology and under the current economic conditions, there are 165 billion barrels of remaining established reserves in the oil sands deposits of Northern Alberta.</q> | |||
<cite>Oil sands 101 - Alberta.ca - https://www.alberta.ca/oil-sands-101.aspx</cite> | |||
</ref> : 6 | |||
|<ref name="oil">Feb 17, 2023 - World Oil Statistics - Worldometer - https://www.worldometers.info/oil/</ref> : 5,064,140,000 | |<ref name="oil">Feb 17, 2023 - World Oil Statistics - Worldometer - https://www.worldometers.info/oil/</ref> : 5,064,140,000 | ||
|<ref name="oil" /> : 235,838,240,000 | |<ref name="oil" /> : 235,838,240,000 | ||
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|{{p|<q>Production and reserves are associated with the recovery of monazite in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Without demand for the rare earths, monazite likely would not be recovered for its thorium content under current market conditions.</q>}} | |{{p|<q>Production and reserves are associated with the recovery of monazite in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Without demand for the rare earths, monazite likely would not be recovered for its thorium content under current market conditions.</q>}} | ||
|6,400,000 | |6,400,000 | ||
| | |{{p|If [[breeder reactors]] succeed as a technology, thorium could offer a lot more [[energy]] than it takes to mine it.<br /><br />Additional thorium resources could maybe be obtained from ordinary dirt, but we don't know yet whether this would really be [[Term:viable|viable]]: The labor/energy/land intensity of this option is still unknown.{{rn}} Average soil concentration of thorium is (6 ppm).<ref>Toxicological Profile for Thorium - https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp147-c5.pdf</ref>}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Uranium (U) | |Uranium (U) | ||
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|<ref>Uranium 2020: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book') <q>The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U.</q></ref> : 8,070,000 | |<ref>Uranium 2020: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book') <q>The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U.</q></ref> : 8,070,000 | ||
|{{p|The energy ''density'' of uranium is | |{{p|Uranium offers a lot more [[energy]] than it takes to mine it. The energy ''density'' of uranium is 574699 GJ/tonne for conventional nuclear reactors, and 82099829 GJ/tonne as a theoretical maximum for [[breeder reactors]].<br /><br />Uranium occurs in nature as a mix of two isotopes: U235 (0.7%) and U238 (99.3%). Conventional nuclear reactors can only make use of the U235 component.}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
<references /> | <references /> |