[[heating]]
This page is about keeping the indoor air warm in [[homes]] and other buildings.
Heating is about 1/6th of total [[energy]] demand {{light|(in the average developed country)}}. <sup>[pie chart will be added here soon]</sup>
[[Insulation]] can save energy in heating.
There are a few ways to heat homes. This wiki does not have enough information yet to determine what's the best / greenest / most scaleable solution.
Options:
[[Natural gas]] furnace - fossil fuel combustion - carbon emissions cause [[climate change]]
Electric space heater - electricity generated from fossil fuels - even more carbon emissions, due to losses in generating & transmitting electricity
Electric space heater - electricity generated from renewables or nuclear - scaleability still uncertain - see [[Energy#Limitations of other energy sources]]
Electric [[heat pump]] - refrigerants also contribute to climate change{{qn}}. {{pn|This needs to be properly compared with fossil fuels (both in short-term and long-term).}} Not helpful in cold winters (below a certain temperature{{qn}}, energy efficiency is barely any better than electric space heaters).
[[Geothermal heat pump]] - requires major renovations & labor. At what point would it even save more energy than it takes to install?<sup>[CASE STUDIES needed]</sup>
[[category:Energy demand]]
Side notes:
A common misconception about "saving energy at home" is that it's all about turning off lights, computers, appliances etc. But in most cases, heating uses far more energy than all of those things combined. In fact, ''anything'' that uses energy will emit heat. So in the winter, turning off appliances/lights/etc won't save you any energy at all (because you'll just need more energy for heating, to maintain the same air temperature as before). {{x|Exception: If your live in an area where electricity is generated by fossil fuels, and you also have a furnace that burns fossil fuels directly (natural gas). In this case, anything electric would use more fossil fuels for the same amount of heat it emits.}}
[[heating]]
This page is about heating indoor air. See also: [[water heating]]
[[cobalt]] or [[lithium-ion#cobalt]] - add about child labour
[[Wiki for a better world:About]]
This wiki is not just descriptive, but also ''perscriptive''. Unlike other wikis that mostly just "tell it like it is", this wiki is a place to bring together ideas to reach consensus on what ''could'' - or even ''should'' be.
[[Solar]]
hourly variance - needs energy storage
seasonal variance - needs ''more'' energy storage - overcast days 1/3 as much
solution: make sure your worst-case storage-smoothed output is still enough to power the homes; then use the extra power to generate hydrogen gas, and also to run factories (yes, shut em down during non-peak - this gon be an issue for factories that can't speed up production to catch up from downtime)?
labor in manufacturing - unknown
water in manufacturing - unknown
pollution in manufacturing - unknown
[[pervoskite]]
Scaleability of manufacturing: Not good enough ''yet''
From Wikipedia: <blockquote>Perovskite solar cells are a very efficient solar energy converter and have excellent optoelectronic properties for photovoltaic purposes, but their upscaling from lab-sized cells to large-area modules is still under research.<ref>Matteocci, Fabio; Vesce, Luigi; Kosasih, Felix Utama; Castriotta, Luigi Angelo; Cacovich, Stefania; Palma, Alessandro Lorenzo; Divitini, Giorgio; Ducati, Caterina; Di Carlo, Aldo (17 July 2019). [https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/294343 "Fabrication and Morphological Characterization of High-Efficiency Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Modules"]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 11 (28): 25195–25204. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b05730. PMID 31268662. S2CID 206497286.</ref></blockquote>
[[Solar panel minerals]]
{{mbox|This page is being ''restructured'' and doesn't have much data yet. If you need some quick numbers, check out the [[Old:Solar panel minerals]] page.}}
This page looks at how many [[minerals]] it would take to produce enough [[solar panels]] to meet the world's [[energy demand]]. [all solar? why?]
Fossil fuels currently provide most of the world's [[energy]], because hydro & geothermal are limited by geography, and nuclear & biomass are limited by supply. Wind power is more intermittent than solar (longer downtime). If every rooftop was covered with solar panels, it would just about meet all energy demand. But a question we must answer is: Is it possible to manufacture that many solar panels?
{{minor|Not included in this analysis: Minerals that would be needed for [[energy storage]].}}
{{minor|Not included in this analysis: What happens when the solar panels eventually wear out. Best case, recycling recovers 100% of the minerals. Otherwise, we have to keep mining ''even more'' minerals to make new solar panels (not long-term sustainable).}}
Energy demand used for calculations: _ PJ/year (global total final energy consumption in 2021) [why use this statistic]
Partly for simplicity sake.
Some say it's an '''overestimate''', because
If solar replaced all fossil fuels, vehicles would be electric, and [[electric vehicles]] are more energy-efficient (although they take more [[energy]] to manufacture).
There are other ways we could reduce energy demand, such as [[frugalism]] and [[walkability]].
Some say it's an '''underestimate''', because
Most of the world currently lives in ''poverty'' - a status quo not worth preserving. If countries were to develop, we would certainly need more energy for everything (except maybe [[heating]], as ''most'' of poorest people today live in warm climates, statistically speaking).
Losses in energy storage are not factored in.
2021 is the most recent year in available data.
Types / case studies
Monocrystalline silicon, made in such and such way
{|class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Mineral
!colspan=3|How much would be needed of global...
!rowspan=2|refuse<br />{{p|{{pn|TODO: For comparison, this page needs to also mention the status-quo amount of ''refuse'' from all mining combined.}} }}
|-
!reserves
!resources
!mining rate<br /><small>(production status quo)</small>
|-
|Copper
|-
|Lead
|-
|Tin
|-
|Silver
|}
[[iron-air batteries]]
If it's legit, this could be a very good solution for on-grid [[energy storage]]. But online information is severely lacking, which calls the whole thing into question.
Considerations
materials - abundant
Iron is one of the most abundant metals (unlike the metals used in other types of batteries such as [[lithium-ion]]).
charge-discharge energy losses - likely problem
wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell#Iron
so does it generate [[hydrogen gas]] and then act like a [[fuel cell]] later? if so, the charge/discharge efficiency is almost certainly low.
even platinum/palladium electrolysis/fuelcell only gets 48% roundtrip efficiency.
so we can somehow get better efficincy with just iron, why don't we know about it and why isn't it being done for hydrogen production?
https://www.umsicht.fraunhofer.de/en/projects/iron-air-battery.html
"A disadvantage of conventional iron-air batteries: they have an efficiency of less than 50 percent. This is partly due to hydrogen evolution at the iron electrode and partly to the high overvoltage at the air electrode. Due to flooding and catalyst poisoning, the stability of the air electrode is also not yet sufficient for use as a stationary storage device in the context of regeneratively generated energy."
big promises:
"A new type of iron-air battery is being developed as part of the project. It will have an energy density of 250 Wh/kg, an efficiency of at least 60 percent and be capable of 500 full charge/discharge cycles."
lifespan - likely problem
from the limited info available, seems there are technical reasons why the battery wears out quickly
"Limitations of this technology come from the materials used. Generally, iron oxide powder beds are selected; however, rapid [[sintering]] and pulverization of the powders limit the ability to achieve a high number of cycles, which results in diminished capacity. Other methods currently under investigation, such as 3D printing<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jakus|first1=Adam E.|last2=Taylor|first2=Shannon L.|last3=Geisendorfer|first3=Nicholas R.|last4=Dunand|first4=David C.|last5=Shah|first5=Ramille N.|date=2015-12-01|title=Metallic Architectures from 3D-Printed Powder-Based Liquid Inks|journal=Advanced Functional Materials|language=en|volume=25|issue=45|pages=6985–6995|doi=10.1002/adfm.201503921|s2cid=15711041 |issn=1616-3028}}</ref> and [[freeze-casting]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sepúlveda|first1=Ranier|last2=Plunk|first2=Amelia A.|last3=Dunand|first3=David C.|date=2015-03-01|title=Microstructure of Fe2O3 scaffolds created by freeze-casting and sintering|journal=Materials Letters|volume=142|pages=56–59|doi=10.1016/j.matlet.2014.11.155}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Durán|first1=P.|last2=Lachén|first2=J.|last3=Plou|first3=J.|last4=Sepúlveda|first4=R.|last5=Herguido|first5=J.|last6=Peña|first6=J. A.|date=2016-11-16|title=Behaviour of freeze-casting iron oxide for purifying hydrogen streams by steam-iron process|journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy|series=The 5th Iberian Symposium on Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Advanced Batteries (HYCELTEC 2015), 5–8 July 2015, Tenerife, Spain|volume=41|issue=43|pages=19518–19524|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.062}}</ref> seek to enable the creation of architecture materials to allow for high surface area and volume changes during the redox reaction."
Incomplete information
articles
TODO: explain this better
[[factory farms]] - at least gas them with carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. kill without the sensation of suffocation
[[packaging tradeoff]] examples - soda cans, smaller bags of chips, smaller chocolate bars
[[walkable suburbs]] or [[walkability/Existing housing]] - move the current notes from [[walkability]] page?
[[wind]] - effects on jetstream - does not add to climate change
[[plant-based#faq]]: Why would it be profitable to use grains as cattle feed instead of for human food which is sold at a higher price?
Here's one example why: Canada & USA produce far more grain than all their local citizens could eat ({{p2|3 kg/day per capita|From data analysis using [[Code:food1.sql]] and then <code></code>). Other countries need this grain<!--{{x|"Why can't they just grow their own", you ask? Because most countries have far less farmland per capita than Canada & USA. See [[this map]] for more details.}}-->, but many get out-bidded by American/Canadian cattle farmers (because of currency values). People in poorer countries starve while grains are being fed to cows. "Why don't other countries just grow their own grain", you ask? Well they do, but most countries have far less farmland (per capita) than Canada & US. See [[this world map|File:__]] of food production and population.
Side notes
It still costs money to process the grains into human food.
People are also willing to pay a lot of money for steak.
International economics is not entirely a free market.
TODO before posting:
do the SQL and get the more precise value instead of 3kg/day
decide whether to have the "why don't other countries..." inline or at the end
[[File:population-earth1.png]]
black dots represent population
describe datasets why isochromic is needed
[[Code:isochromic.c]]
image generator
[[Term:isochormic]]
same coloring for the same amount of stuff
examples
[[population]]
map - blk dots
People don't take up very much space on Earth in general (although [[land|agriculture does]]).
People tend to be clustered in or near cities. This includes people who live in [[suburbs]]. <!-- ALT: This is true even in Canada/US where the majority of people live in [[suburbs]]. --> Even most people who ''live in the country'' (rural life) are near cities. An hour drive from a downtown (for example) might be a lot of gas, but it's not a lot of ''distance'' on a world map.
[[multivitamin]]
recommend to get the capsule version of multivitamin, dissolve it in a soup (but first wait for it to cool down enough to eat; too much heat destroys certain vitamins)
or use the tablet version and crush it and/or wait for it to dissolve slowly (requires more dedication but not too hard)
[[Clover lawn]]
gets overrun by weeds
[[Inflatable greenhouse]]
Category:Unconfirmed ideas
like a mattress
[[Lawn rewilding]]
[[Rewilding]] a lawn has some potential to benefit the ecosystem.
Grow native plants
Help [[pollenator]] insects survive
In the US, lawns occupy more [[land]] than all nature conservation parks combined. Most of the world is probably similar. {{qn}}
Note, however, that agriculture occupies more land than both combined. In the grand scheme of things, there's a lot more potential for [[rewilding|rewilding farm land]] (requires [[food efficiency]]) than rewilding lawns. But both make a measureable difference for the planet. {{qn}}
see also: [[clover lawn]]
external links: https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7958957/rewilding-lawn-pollinators-environment-how-to/
[[rewilding]]
see also: lawn rewilding
[[minerals]]
A recurring theme is that renewables need a lot of scarce metals.
Most [[solar panels]] can use a lot of copper, silver, tin, gallium, indium, tellurium and more.
Some [[batteries]] depend heavily on cobalt, nickel, manganese, lithium and more.
[[Rare-earth elements]] are used for making strong magnets, which are needed for efficient electric motors ([[electric vehicles]]) and turbines (especially [[wind]]).
Anti-capitalist perspective: The concern is that big oil corporations will just get replaced by big metals corporations (which will destroy the environment in new ways). Even worse, if "green" tech is mineral-intensive enough, we might completely use up mineral reserves, strip-mine the ocean floor, and it still not have enough resources to replace fossil fuels. Both big-oil and big-metals would profit at the expense of the planet. One theory is that oil companies already know this and deliberately invest in "green" tech that they know isn't scaleable. Regardless if this is true or not, we need solutions that don't depend on so many scarce minerals.
[[wind#rare-earth magnets]]
According to one study (Increase in demand for critical materials under IEA Net-Zero Emission by 2050 scenario - Yanan Liang †* , René Kleijn † , Ester van der Voet † - † Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands - Corresponding author: y.liang@cml.leidenuniv.nl),
we'd need __ tons of rare-earths in a net-zero scenario, most of which would be in electric car motors rather than wind turbines. This is only _% of rare-earth mineral reserves (_ tonnes according to USGS).
{{pn|this page could also benefit from some original research. It might not be too hard to estimate the amount of rare earth magnets needed in a turbine of a given power level.}}
[[energy storage]]
non-rechargeable batteries [show examples] cannot be used for energy storage.
zinc-air
aluminium-air
[[mattress spaces]] - existing semi-used spaces{{xn}} would be suitable. we don't need massive investments. we just need for cops to stop raiding and busting and throwing everything out
[[swanson's law]]
"Swanson's law" is an observation similar to the famous Moore's Law, which claims that solar cell prices fall 20% for every doubling of industry capacity.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/21566414-alternative-energy-will-no-longer-be-alternative-sunny-uplands "Sunny Uplands: Alternative energy will no longer be alternative"]. The Economist. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</ref>
even if solar capacity increases by 64x (about what it takes to meet energy demand), cost per watt would still be 26% of what it is today. This might still be too high for scaleability. Also it's unclear whether the price drops would be due to better [[EROI]] or using less [[minerals]] or some other reason.
[[solar panels]]
types of installations
[[rooftop solar]]
[[solar canopies]]
[[solar farms]]
ones that dont work
solar roads - driving on them wrecks them
intermittency
day-night cycle: batteries will do.
cloudy vs sunny days: batteries will ''probably'' do. - [[File:Variability of Solar Energy.jpg]]
winter vs summer: [[hydrogen gas]] to make up the difference
open to more estimates: how many hours{{p2|[?]|assuming we define "an hour of energy storage" as: "[energy demand ''averaged over time''] multiplied by [1 hour]}} of battery energy storage might we need, depending on local weather & climate?
for now, use a nominal 24 hours of energy storage as the standard.
[[energy storage]]
types
batteries (list subtypes)
[[hydrogen gas]] - pros: suited for long periods of off and on, suited for long geographic distances. cons: lower energy recovery rate
[[pumped hydro]] - very few regions of the world are suited for it
[[compressed air]] - [[energy storage/EROI|]] unknown
[[flywheels]] - ibid
types that certainly wouldn't work: [[gravity blocks]]
[[energy demand]] - could present it as "we need this many watts peak, this many watts average"? idk
[[frugalism]] [[frugalism for housing]] [[frugalism for businesses]]
If it works, dont replace it.
For example, if a plastic toilet seat has stains, doesnt matter, clean it and keep it for the next tenant (unless it's broken - and don't purposely break it, that's just immature). We want to do the bare minimum (labor & resources) to keep housing liveable. All other labor is voluntary or free-market. TODO: drive home this point better in [[good welfare state]].
[[fashion]],[[clothes]] -> [[clothing]]
we can still have nice things, just not replace them so often
it's the sheer quantity that's the problem environmentally
mountains of clothes in which countries again?
most of the clothes are in reasonably good condition, there are just too many for thrift shops to sell
of course donating is still better than throwing out, but should aim for not buying so many new in the first place
tips to live by
see what u got in your closet already, make it great again
if thats not enough, try buying secondhand
if not avail secondhand, buy new but plan it around buying clothes that you'll get a lot of usage of
designate just one or two sets of clothes for sitting around at home, so that all your other clothes don't wear out prematurely from this
for variety, {{a3|trade with|borrow from|lend to}} your friends or neighbors or whoever might be the same size as you.
hoarding can actually be good: if it goes out of style, it could easily come back in style a few years later
could easily cut about 75% of consumption/production without any significant loss of self-expression
page format maybe: causes effects solutions
{{calc}}: add: Click a part of the equation for details. You can also learn more about the calculator [[Project:Calculator|here]].
[[hydrogen gas]]
leaks - climate change
hydrogen is not a [[greenhouse gas]], but it interferes with the breakdown of atmospheric methane which ''is'' a greenhouse gas.
[https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/9349/2022/ Climate consequences of hydrogen emissions, Ilissa B. Ocko and Steven P. Hamburg, 2022] - TODO: summarize findings, cite as: Ocko, I. B. and Hamburg, S. P.: Climate consequences of hydrogen emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9349–9368, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9349-2022, 2022.
Response to [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/27/hydrogen-is-unsuitable-for-home-heating-review-concludes Hydrogen is unsuitable for home heating, review concludes]
"“Using hydrogen for heating may sound attractive at first glance. However, all of the independent research on this topic comes to the same conclusion: heating with hydrogen is a lot less efficient and more expensive than alternatives such as heat pumps, district heating and solar thermal,” he said.Sep 27, 2022"
But heat pumps arent more efficient if you have cold winters or lack of local renewable electricity (wind geography issue). In such cases, it's not worth the extra greenhouse effect of refridgerants. Solar thermal also doesn't work well in cold winters. District heating only works if industries are close by.
Hydrogen production/combustion is a good idea when you have wind power or far-away geothermal electricity where power lines don't reach.
^ Need new format for addressing shit like this
Response to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__Ci2IeHLw0 MASSIVE Gator Seen Crossing Road in Upscale Florida Community as Neighbors Gather to Watch]
sprawl takes up land which encroaches on natural habitats and then the gators walk our streets because they have nowhere else to go?
[[small nuclear reactors]]
efficiency - lower than the bigger reactors
https://cleantechnica.com/2023/03/28/shoveling-money-into-small-modular-nuclear-reactors-wont-make-their-electricity-cheap/
in principle maybe this is ok if the reactor's waste heat can be used for [[heating]] homes & buildings.
[[coal]]
mention anthracite the cleaner-burning stuf but we blowin off mountaintops to get to it
faq - why ppl use coal tho? more abundant than oil, cheaper, and easier to work with in some cases. need a fire? need an industrial furnace for smelting metals? just scoop some coal and light it up!
[[Housing shortage]]: need to get to the bottom of whether there is or isn't a shortage
single-person units shortage, but what if everyone is just happy where they are and im just the crazy one for thinking it should be different
vacant homes outnumber homeless people, so how can there be a shortage
pk so what percent of vacant units should be subdivided ideally
[[regenerative agriculture]]
what's being regenerated and how?
what land did you start with (including rangelands or anything else the animals graze on) and what land did you end up with? in what ways were the soil improved? organisms? nitrogen? minerals? if minerals then where did they come from - deeper in the ground?
[[underutilized foodstuffs]]: add: beet molasses is more of a byproduct than cane molasses
[[evaporative cooling]]
portable swamp coolers
chillwell scam/overpriced
external link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URxSoHpwIz8
todo: summarize video; do it by downloading the transcript i guess
can do cheaper and better
should at least have a detachable tank so you can carry it while
[[geothermal heating]],[[geothermal cooling]],[[gshp]] -> [[ground source heat pump]]
[[geothermal power]] -> [[geothermal electricity]]
considerations
geography :: major limitation
need map from video; combine w population map
costs of drilling :: likely a limitation
cooling-induced earthquakes :: likely a limitation
other earthquakes :: likely preventable
greenhouse gas emissions :: not usually a problem
ghg average is low but varies a lot. some are as bad as natural gas
theoretical limits to heat supply :: not a problem
could geothermal energy actually cause global cooling? probably not bc heat is far down. even if all energy came from geothermal, the heat released would be nowhere near compareable to the sunlight that hits earth everyday. {{calc}}
external links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6UGpaKnkS0
[[solar panel minerals]]
add: This page is about the mineral content of the solar panel types ''most commonly used today''. Hopefully there are other, less mineral-intensive types that could help solve climate change.{{rn}}
[[Solar powered factories]]
Can factories be usually powered by solar panels on their rooftops?
Factories use how much energy per square foot normally?
[[Solar canopy]]
Covering sidewalks and roads
Consideration: EROI considering construction
[[home waste/solution 1]] <!-- TODO: maybe thing of a better title or naming scheme? -->
instead of bringing furniture, normalize the idea of leaving it there idk.
furnished apartments could actually be cheaper than nonfurnished, because the landlord doesn't have to go to the trouble of removing the previous tenant's belongings
ok so what really has to be normalized at once
leaving stuff behind: whatever possessions you don't feel like bringing to the new home, just leave them in the old home
when browsing for a new place to live, consider the stuff that's currently there. {{p|if the place is inhabited when visiting, the current tenant can always mention what they plan to not take with them}}
moving into a furnished apartment and not planning to replace the furniture (with a few exceptions)
some sorta protocol to confirm that theres no bedbugs
giving possessions away idk - stuff huts or use some garage thing within buildings idk
[[linux middle-mouse-click pasting]]
Need an option to disable X11 middle-mouse-click paste.
Q: "But some people need the feature!":
A: Yes - I never said to get rid of it, just provide an option to disable it (without disabling any other middle-mouse-click functionality).
Q: "But it's not an X11 feature, it's application-specific!"
A: False. For every major text editor on Linux, on dev forums, you can find people requesting an option to disable the middle-mouse pasting. And every time, the answer is always no, because pasting is ingrained in X11 (the middle mouse button generates keystrokes).
Q: "Just disable the middle mouse click completely!"
A: It's needed for certain programs (such as CADs).
Q: "But your mouse must be broken if it clicks while scrolling!"
A: Not everyone can afford a brand-new good quality mouse. Software should be able to accommodate the hardware (whenever technically feasible of course, and in this case it is) - not the other way around. Clicky scrollwheels are incredibly common. For comparison, I've seen mice with faulty left/right buttons, where each click generates multiple clicks a few milliseconds apart - and even that can be filtered out in software accessibility features.
Even with a good mouse, it's quite common for beginner users to click the scrollwheel while scrolling (as an unconscious fidget) (they are used to other OSs where it doesn't paste). Unknowingly pasting previously-selected text into a document is a security risk. And before you say "beginners shouldn't use advanced tools": I'm not even talking about that. This is an issue for new users using simple word processing programs on Linux (GUI, not terminal). Distros (especially ones designed for new linux users) need an option to disable the pasting, but so far they can't because X11 automatically generates keystrokes on a middle-mouse click. I don't see why it's so hard to provide a simple on/off switch in X11 settings. I'd implement this myself (X11 fork) but I haven't been able to understand X11's complex codebase. I'm sure many of you are more familiar with it than I am.
Q: "Just use Wayland!"
A: Maybe that's the only solution so far. Hope it can work on old hardware (I haven't tried yet). We don't want more [[planned obsolescence|planned/unplanned obsolescence]].
[[cost vs environmental footprint]]
cases where expensive means worse for the planet: buying new stuff, replacing stuff, consumer goods, possibly rare metals but not completely proportional to cost
cases where cheap means worse for the planet: [[coal]] power
[[energy#faq]] - what about all the energy used by the fossil fuel industry to mine more fossil fuels?
it's in the "energy industry's own use" section. also, fossil fuels have an [[EROI]] of _ to 1, meaning for every _ barrels of oil produced, only 1 barrel was needed to mine it.
TODO: update graph maybe such as [[File:energy demand.png]]
[[lithium-ion]] - add about nickel and copper
[[sodium-ion]] - charge capacity - low - although apparently still 230 km ev range is reasonable? - also, youtube comment: "Since you need to keep lithium battery charge level within a narrow range -- like above 40% and below 80% -- to keep the battery from wearing out prematurely, its effective energy density is much lower than its advertised energy density. This means sodium batteries are competitive even on the feature that has made lithium batteries so desirable."
[[fuel cell vehicles]]
To improve peak horsepower without adding more PGMs, there's usually a li-ion battery added in parallel with the fuel cell. Battery mineral scarcity isn't an issue, because the battery is small (about 1%) compared to what would be needed in a non-hydrogen-based electric car.
[[fuel cell vehicles]] or [[hydrogen combustion vehicles]]: fuel tank size: reasonable
[[hoarding]]
Tl;dr: In some cases, "hoarding stuff" is actually essential for society and the planet - you can think of it as ''decentralized archiving''.
For the sake of sustainability, we do in fact need to normalize holding onto old tech, old books, and old clothes - to reduce the need for manufacturing as much new stuff.
We can't rely on museums to archive everything. Collectively people's basements add up to far more square footage.
decentralized archiving
for every archive building, there are thousands of houses
why depend on a few rare archives to keep all of history; we should do it ourselves too
dont feel shame for holding on to stuff, be proud to be preserving history
the cloud isnt even that stable of a data storage medium. we should keep older papers/photos/records/tapes/cds/dvds as backup
implementation without cluttering home
store stuff in shelves / cabinets / drawers / boxes
in this regard, sometimes furniture can save more space than it takes up
furniture can be obtained secondhand for almost free {{npn}}
dont store much stuff on tables / couches / beds
page layout maybe
why we need hoarders
keeping immaculate houses means throwing shit away and then buying new when u need it again
example: keeping old electronic cables u dont currently need but will
thoughtful people keep stuff around
we really need to stop shaming people for this
"pruning things down" has strong parallels with censorship
[https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AsceticAesthetic There's truth to the old trope in fiction movies: The cleaner the decor, the uglier the secret.]
maybe this page should be in my userspace?
or make two versions; mainspace one has only uncontroversial examples of hoarding being good
Social-media post format
Some call it "hoarding", I call it decentralized archiving.
As a society, we can't rely on museums & libraries to store all the books, records, tapes, CDs, DVDs and gadgets of history. Most donations end up in the landfill because there's just not enough space to store it all. But collectively, people's basements have hundreds of times more space. Don't let anyone shame you into destroying perfectly good stuff for the sake of "minimalism". It takes a vast amount of energy & labor to manufacture new things - we could probably avoid 80% of that just by seriously re-using old stuff.
For posting in more-leftist circles, replace the word "decentralized" with "anarchist".
[[copyright laws]]
external links
"YouTube's copyright algorithm isn't broken, the world's is." - Tom Scott
[[crop choices]]
within a country, local variance of farmland and climate
maybe grains are still just the best-yielding thing u can grow in drier regions
what about making land retain water more tho
link to that youtube video, what was it called again idk
[[supplements]] are needed because the global food supply lacks essential vitamins and minerals
tl;dr: No way around it: If we want a world where all 8 billion people have access to healthy diets, then supplements{{x|more specifically: multivitamins with trace minerals. Or fortification of foods.}} play a key role.
3 levels
global - crops grown
global - net food produced after losses and animal agri
firstworld - average diet
nutritionally balanced diet without supplements is expensive - example
supplements{{x|the ones that are needed in this context - not the over-marketed ones you see on TV}} are relatively cheap - example
reasons
grains are the majority of crops grown
probably due to easy mechanization; less labor per unit of food
food preservation - nutrient losses
this is inevitable no matter how nutritious the original food is
a specific subset of vitamins are lost (mainly B and C)
[[food preservation is essential to food security]], no way around it
therefore supplements make sense
[[concentrated fruit juice]]
Is fruit juice from concentrate better or worse for the environment than fresh fruit juice?
Simplest estimate - energy
Datapoint needed: We need some sort of statistic on how much energy is used for transporting goods (shipping+delivery) per kilogram on average. If ''that'' exceeds water's ''latent heat of vaporization'' (physics constant: 2256.4 J/g), then dehydrating/concentrating the fruit juice is worthwhile to save [[energy]].
Of course this doesn't factor in the inefficiencies of the dehydrator, nor the energy involved in bringing the new water to reconstitute the product. But we can probably assume these are negligable.
A bigger issue might arise when the juice is reconstituted before packaging, such as in juice boxes. We don't know how what fraction of shipping/transport is done ''after'' reconstitution, so we can't properly estimate how much energy the dehydration saves.
Shelf life and food waste
Vs compare that to fresh and frozen
Btw what about the energy of shipping something while frozen
[[repurposing stale bread]] (not moldy, just dry) (both systemic and personal solutions)
perfectly viable food
science background
moisture evaporates before any microorganisms can significantly take hold{{x|growth is exponential, so every microorganism has a phase in which toxin production is too insignificant to have any effect on the human body. microorganisms and their toxins are all around us, but we can live healthy lives regardless. [[rw:the dose makes the poison]]}}
make sure it passes the sniff test, and no visible mold
side note about spoilage organisms
bacteria grow in high moisture
yeasts grow in medium moisture (some overlap with bacteria and molds)
molds grow in low moisture
nothing grows in zero moisture
mention cutoff {{rn}}
also soft cutoff: cases where something can grow but would take years
mention that nothing grows if theres both salt and acid
starches will retrograde to some extent, but this is easily reversed by recooking in water
compareable to instant noodles, instant rice, or instant mashed potatoes.
not to be confused with moldy bread
stale is safe - moldy is not (mycotoxins)
[[Talk:bakeries]]
I'm a business owner and...
Very well. Could you suggest a way to make the page less harsh to business owners, without weakening the solutions?
Or before anyone posts that, maybe preemptively put this on the main page:
{{minor|Note: This page is quite harsh to business owners. If you're a bakery owner, you could post on the talk page; suggest a way to make this page more business-friendly, without weakening the solutions.}}
[[food packaging]]
they should list all nutrients, maybe offer a qr code with the data
they should say the pH range of the food, so someone can see if a 'keep refrigerated' food is at risk of botulism if not kept refrigerated
[[climate change]]
explain the relation between tipping points, feedback loops, stable points
also show system graph, find that diagram again
label it with systems terms?
stable point (local minima)
stablizing feedback loop (slope towards middle) (carbon absorption)
tipping point (local maxima)
destablizing feedback loop (slope away from middle) (feedback loops listed below)
other stable point (local minima further out) (climate catastrophe)
we are here. the ball represents the current global temperature. emitting greenhouse gases is analogous to pushing the ball up this hill. If we stop before it's too late, the ball will slowly return to where it used to be. but if we keep pushing, eventually it will pass the tipping point and keep going, leading to extreme temperature rises that can no-longer be stopped. the next stable point may be over 10 degrees celsius hotter, resulting in mass extinctions and death to billions of people in warmer parts of the earth.
feedback loops list
greenland ice sheet melting, revealing earth underneath, causing lower [[albedo]]
water levels rising, causing flooding of lands, which becomes swamps that release methane
FAQ
why worry about 1 degree of warming
tipping points, feedback loops, and the next stable point might be 10 degrees hotter for all we know - major eco collapse
melted ice doesnt raise water levels
if it's melting off greenland it does
why call it climate change instead of global warming
global warming is ''part of'' climate change. it refers to the ''average'' temperatures rising. there are other effects, such as an increase in storms and other weather extremes (both hot and cold)
if it's global warming, what's with all the crazy cold winters?
over the last century, the ''average'' temperature has risen by 1.5 degrees celsius, but the ''variance'' of temperatures has widened by more than 7 degrees celsius. We see more heatwaves ''and'' more cold spells.
Is it true that water vapor is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2?
Only in the extreme short term, which has no overall effect on global warming.
The atmosphere has a simple way to get rid of excess H2O: rain.
[[energy/FAQ]]
Q: Corporations put the blame on consumers, telling us all to recycle. But really they're the ones destroying the planet, right?
A: It was supposed to be ''reduce, re-use, recycle''. The average {{alt|American|Canadian|Australian|Brit|citizen of a rich country}} is absolutely terrible with the first two.
Corporations have no interest in telling us to ''reduce'' or ''re-use'', because that's how they lose money.
[[Semi trucks]] - challenges
need high power and high energy storage
batteries cobalt
fuel cells particularly high in PGMs {{qn| - just look up typical semi truck horsepower, multiply by pgm_by_power and maybe factor in an efficiency of the motor}}
[[freight trucks]] or [[semi trucks]]
how much peak power needed
how much energy storage needed
demand depending on how much shit ppl buy
consumerism - planned obsolescence?
more if ppl order more online? or less?
fresh food v nonperishable?
[[hydrogen combustion planes]] and [[hydrogen fuel cell planes]]
[[ammonia vehicles]]
[[energy/solutions]]
energy sources
rooftop solar - cheap solar panels made of amorphous silica, wattage adders
sodium-ion and irfb for on-grid energy storage
wind and hydrogen
transportation
reduce: make existing neighborhoods more walkable
public transit: trains and sodium-ion buses or lithium-iron-phosphate
cars: sodium-ion - shitty range but dirt cheap and long life - even cheaper than gas cars
semi trucks - TODO decide
hydrogen combustion planes
[[lithium-ion batteries]] - cobalt calculation tab3: cobalt.ocean_floor_resources
[[Laptop with solar panels]]
Category:Half-baked ideas
wattage expected to generate (best case direct sun)
wattage a laptop typically uses, consider that screen must be brighter bc sun
for comparison: [[translucent lcd screen]] with separate solar panel and/or unfolded solar
[[Movies and TV series should have a multilingual mode where viewers wear earbuds so they can all watch the same movie in their own language.]]
got this from a facebook meme. not sure what to name this page and what its content would be. implementation or?
[[third spaces]]
external link: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ku9csXhvJY Nowhere to Go: The Loss of Third Places (Elliot Sang) (YouTube)]
video says everything best. i guess i gotta summarize it in point form
commercial energy use (especially heating & cooling) shouldn't disappear in an ideal situation. people need third places
under communism, commercial space becomes communal space
[[illegal to sleep on the street]]
add redirect: [[illegal to sleep in parks]]
unconstitutional
provides no solutions for homeless people
[[If we choose communism/Energy]]
More research into [[solar/challenge 1]]
More research into [[sodium-ion batteries]] (Na-Ion). At least reach the point where scientists can determine once and for all whether Na-Ion would be a good solution for [[EVs]] or not. If they are, build EVs with them. If they aren't, move on and look for other solutions.
[[india grant to replace chinese apps]]
proposed idea: since india banned 56 chinese apps (including tiktok and shareIt), the government should offer grants to build open-source apps that replace the banned apps
replace, meaning replicate the most important features
open-source, so we can transparently make sure it doesn't spy or collect data or contain too much [[code bloat]]
implementation
one grant for each app?
todo: calc costs
todo: devise requirements for each app
shareit replacement could be called shareKhan lol
[[breeder reactors]] - capital costs - 25% more than conventional (according to wikipedia)
[[thorium power]]
considerations
weapons proliferation risk - low to medium
thorium-232 can be bred to uranium-233, uranium-232, and plutonium-238, which are difficult to make bombs from (compared to the uranium-235 of conventional nuclear power).
the u232 and u233 occur together and are hard to separate. u232 emits a lot of gamma rays on its own, which makes it too hard to handle and easy to detect
fuel supply - very abundant
nuclear waste - almost none
less than one thousanth of what current reactors produce (for the same amonut of energy)
meltdown risk - none
this is an example of why the js shouldnt hide the headingsummary
types
thorium molten salt breeder reactor
concern: leak could lead to a sodium fire?
ongoing projects
list idk
what's stalling the projects?
{{empty}}
external links
more technical details are found on [//wikipedia.org/Thorium-based_nuclear_power Wikipedia]
[[uranium-238]]
bred to plutonium-239
[[fossil fuels]]
Global fossil fuel consumption is still increasing (as of 2023), despite all the recent technological advancements in [[renewables]]. This is because global [[energy]] consumption is growing faster than renewables can keep up.
[[hvdc]] considerations
maximum distance
eroi - for this, we look at the energy to construct/maintain vs energy delivered. this could later be tacked onto<!--TODO: explain reciprocal addition--> the EROI of solar or wind projects
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300926]
"Valero et al. [64], analysed potential bottlenecks for 31 raw materials in the 2016–2050 time period under a business as usual scenario for wind power, solar photovoltaic, solar CSP and passenger electric vehicles, identifying 13 elements having very high or high risk: cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, indium, lithium, manganese, nickel, silver, tellurium, tin and zinc."
TODO: use this list of minerals in 'considerations' of various solutions
[[Good welfare state/Quicker transition]]
repurpose food that would otherwise go to waste
[[sedentary lifestyle detox]]: add tl;dr: Do lots and lots of [//wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_work mobility work] before you even begin to train hard.
[[photovoltaics#other pollution in production]]
[https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2023/08/18/five-major-solar-panel-suppliers-found-in-violation-of-antidumping-laws/ Five major solar panel suppliers found in violation of antidumping laws]
What were they dumping though
[[photovoltaics#landfill waste]]: silicon v raremetals pollution
[[foot-shaped shoes]]
Flexible sole but reasonably well cushioned. <sup>[Implementation details needed]</sup>
Snug at the ankle (when fully tied) to prevent the foot from sliding forward
Something about having them for kids too (all ages), so they can grow up with normal healthy feet and never even begin to get bunions/hammertoes/etc.
Rationale: https://youtube.com/shorts/ZcSOm2b58e4?feature=share
External link: https://emalysethenaturopath.com/foot-shaped-shoes/
(see draft offline)
[[Game idea:Lightning dodger]]
[[Game idea:Job Creator]]
graphics suggestions
3D but not photorealistic. Open-world, first or second-person view. Bright colors, simple objects (some don't need textures). Lighting & shadows precalculated (consider using a white overcast sky for all maps, for simplicity).
compareable to roblox or fortnite on low graphocs settings
[[solar sahara]] -> [[solar panels in the Sahara desert]]
This is a page about the idea of installing massive amounts of solar [[photovoltaics]] in the Sahara desert.
Energy transport - Main problem
the best power lines can only transmit electricity about 700km.
population map: very few people live within 700km of the sahara.
the sahara itself is km long and km wide <!-- TODO: add scale on the map -->
best bet
use the solar panels to generate [[hydrogen gas]]
Impact on wildlife - {{rn}}
Deserts are nowhere near as biomass-rich as forests or grasslands, but they are still ecosystems, home to many native species.
Research needed for this page
Which species tend to be affected
how can the impacts be mitigated
assuming ''half'' the desert would be covered in solar panels, what would be the best land-use arrangement to avoid extinctions of any species? to what extent do native species vary by subregion of the Sahara?
Energy production potential - Abundant
the solar panels themselves could be
[[heating and cooling]]
pv+heatpump vs solartherm
estimate watts via temperature and insulation (assume 2.5x efficiency in air conditioners i guess)
best solution: cover roof with 80% pv and 20% solarwaterheater?
^ so should i have a page that covers both, and also separate pages?
[[appliances]]
It may be hard to find data on the carbon footprint (or energy footprint) of manufacturing/shipping an appliance. In which case, maybe it's best to just compare the ''cost'' of an appliance vs the ''cost'' of the energy saved by the appliance. {{p2|[rationale]|It's probably reasonable to assume that at least half the retail price of consumer goods is ultimately the cost of energy, and that the other half is still something that puts a strain on the environment (or people; i.e. exploitative [[labor]]).}}
In other words, if you can at least "break even" without government subsidies, then appliance replacement is probably worth it.
A cheaper option is to just use the appliance less often. For example don't get as many dishes dirty so you don't need to use the dishwasher.
[[gshp]]
"Drilling and piping costs are around $2.50 per foot. A rule of thumb is to use 100 to 150 foot of hole for each 12,000 Btu/hr peak..."
- [https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/892033 Geothermal Heat Pump Utilization in the United States]
[[ground-source heat pump]]
https://endeavourcentre.org/resources-for-building-green/free-encyclopedia-of-sustainable-building-materials/hvac/ground-source-heat-pump/
"Independent testing of ground source heat pump units by Natural Resources Canada showed output for a wide array of residential units ranged from 8.7 to 12.8 Btu/hr/watt, or a coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.6 to 3.8."
For heating, that's pretty efficient. But for cooling, it's barely better than an ordinary air conditioner.
^ I think i should put this in [[gshp#considerations#cost#research needed#ongoing#snippets]]
[[Is it still ok to eat]]
external links: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDg8DQl7ZeQ Food expiration dates don’t mean what you think - Carolyn Beans - YouTube]
mention: dry food doesnt go bad unless oils oxidize
rename to [[is it still safe to eat]]?
add stale corn chips and puffs etc: put in soups at the 60 seconds (doesnt need cooking just soak in warmth of soup)
supplements past date: safe, just less potent a bit (give example)
[[food waste]]
total - stats (global and firstworld)
Note: Food waste is still a problem, even when there are very few people starving locally. The global food supply is affected, making it harder for people around the world to afford food.
causes
business - [[bakeries]] are a major waster
personal
culture
short lunch breaks
effects
global hunger
food waste shrinks the global food supply
globally, farmers produce more than enough food to feed the world. but after so much is wasted and/or [[factory farms|fed to animals]], there isn't enough to go around, and [[hunger|people go hungry]].
deforestation - climate change and habitat loss
food rot in landfills - climate change
(put the above two in perspective compared to fossil fuel burning)
solutions
bakeries leftovers
[[Food waste/Force businesses to donate unsold food]]
status quo: implemented in france only
limitations: donated food may exceed consumption - say if there's a million meals donated per day but only ten thousand homeless people, and the charity doesnt give the excess to anyone else because it's a charity "for the homeless".
TODO: describe the example better to show how common this supply/demand discrepency is.
excess food production far exceeds LOCAL hunger rates. solutions
non-poor people choosing to eat the food too instead of buying
would help if transparency from charities about how much excess food; apps would come in handy?
reduced waste in this scenario means the country has more food left to export, and/or imports less; net effect almost the same as shipping food to other countries
ship the food overseas
not practical if perishable tho, unless some de-perishablizing process (is that even a word lol)
[[conventional nuclear power#scarcity of uranium-235]]: add another estimate:
"If today's nuclear tech were to replace all [[fossil fuels]], the world would run out of uranium-235 in just _ years."
{{dp
|uranium.resources
|
|Global uranium resources, expressed in energy units
|Source:
The calculator understands "tonnes uranium_natural" as an energy unit, based on the fact that uranium occurs naturally as 0.7% uranium-235 (fissionable) and 99.3% uranium-238 (not used by today's reactors).
}}
{{dp
|fossil_fuels.consumption
|490525 PJ/year
|Worldwide consumption of fossil fuels, expressed in energy/time units
|Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2021 (IEA report)
Page 47: Simplified energy balance table / World energy balance 2019 / Row "TES" (total energy supply)
Using data from 2019 (most recent year available)
By fuel:
Coal: 162376 PJ/year
Oil: 187365 PJ/year
Natural gas: 140784 PJ/year
PJ stands for "petajoule" (10^15 joules)
}}
Estimate #1
{{calc
|uranium.resources
|years fossil_fuels.consumption
}}
Estimate #2
(use current thing)
[[geothermal electricity]] or [[solar sahara]]: use [[hydrogen gas]] to transport stuf i guess
[[calc...]]
If we reforested half of all human-occupied land, how much carbon would that sequester (years status_quo)
[[aviation]]
maybe [[biomass waste]] could be used for jet fuel, even though there's a limited supply; maybe aviation is the one domain where theres just no other sustainable fuel to use?
[[hydrogen planes]]?
[[absorbability]] example: whole sesame seeds in a soup (not absorbable, because they slip between your teeth), vs sesame seeds in a sesame snap (absorbable, because you crunch them as you're crunch the hard sugary stuff that the seeds are embedded in)
[[crop choices#faq]]: wht abt protein quality
aa scale: in the next version of this analysis, we plan to track the individual amino acids. for now, we just have to assume that mixing enough crops will create a balanced, complete amino acid profile.
dgstblty: assume cooking/processing in a way that its not an issue
[[Project:About]]
this wiki is '''not''' wikipedia - we dont need pedantic definitions at the top of every page. when creating a new page, start with the important points and then decide on the page's title.
this wiki '''is''' an incubator for open-source ideas.
this wiki '''is''' an academic journal without the formality.
this wiki '''is''' a place for discussions - bringing up talking points with the intention of actually settling them and organizing them into a clear picture.
[[energy storage]]
with stationary energy storage, the energy ''density'' doesn't matter so much but the ''cost'' certainly does.
old retired batteries from electric vehicles can be used as stationary energy storage. they can't hold ''as much'' of a charge but can still hold some. however, when the batteries lose even more capacity, they will still need to be [[electronics recycling|recycled]].
[[electronics recycling]]
i'm making this as a general page because it seems to be a recurring theme that it's hard to recover rare metals from electronics. is there some common reason why? {{rn}}
examples: [[solar panels]], [[lithium-ion batteries]], [[rare-earth magnets]]
[[rare-earth magnets]]
rare-earth elements ({{pn|TODO: add list}}) are needed for making strong magnets, which are needed for making energy-efficient electric components.
examples
[[electric vehicle]] motors
[[wind]] turbines
motors in [[appliances]]
speakers
electric vehicles and wind turbines are currently a small piece of the pie, which may grow hundreds of times larger if we were to phase out [[fossil fuels]].
scarcity / mineral reserves
{{pn|Would there be enough mineral reserves to meet the demand for rare-earth magnets in a fossil-fuel-free world?
Compare scenarios:
# Status quo, electrified (same number of cars as today)
# Fewer cars than today, due to [[public transit]] and [[walkability]]
}}
recyclability {{empty}}
chemistry
"Rare-earth" refers to a specific category of elements on the periodic table. Some of these elements are not actually that scarce, compared to some other elements outside the "rare earth" category.{{xn}}
{{pn|This section needs: Periodic table, highlight the elements used for magnets.}}
Rare-earth magnets are mostly iron, with a small amount of rare-earth elements to strengthen the magnet.{{qn|- percentage vs magnet strength (and maybe other tradeoffs)}}
external links
[https://geology.com/articles/rare-earth-elements/ REE - Rare Earth Elements - Metals, Minerals, Mining, Uses - Geology.com]
[https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/rare-earths-statistics-and-information Rare Earths Statistics and Information - USGS (United States Geological Survey)]
[[electric vehicles]]
more considerations
pollution from tire wear
temperature
battery stability in a car crash
[[Template:Why estimate the minerals this way]]
On one hand,{{light| you could call it an '''over'''estimate because:}}
* Maybe this tech wouldn't be used in all cases. There doesn't have to be one universal solution.
* There may be more mineral resources beyond today's known reserves.
On the other hand,{{light| you could call it an '''under'''estimate because:}}
* The same minerals may also be needed for ''other'' things involved in the green energy scenario.
* Currently most of the world lives in poverty. Sustainable development should be viable for 8 billion people, not just for the richest 1 billion!
^ (make this a popup? elaborate on the standard estimate method: assume the tech is used as a universal solution to all status-quo fossil fuel use)
[[MediaWiki:Common.css]] - reduce line spacing slightly, increase paragraph spacing slightly?
[[cooling]] - external links
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKbEOMCsqaI How to cool our homes (even without ACs) - DW Planet A - YouTube]
wind thing - 3 degC cooler?
painting roofs white with lime: 4 degC cooler?
Comments
"I think that a central issue is when even the nighttime low is not low enough to bring the inside down to something livable, and then the daytime high is just brutal or medically dangerous. The problem with passive cooling techniques is that they only work to a point, but the climate exceeds that in many places."
"A great solution is to have a centralised AC unit (large and efficient) for every neighborhood/flat building/office complex etc, and put the heat exchanger in a passively cooled space.
If the heat is dumped into a slightly cooler space, the AC is much more efficient.
Also if passive cooling can decrease the indoor temp by 2-3 degrees, that is an enormous amount of work taken away from the AC unit! This way passive and active cooling can be combined instead of either/or."
"I live in Germany - and we almost have no AC's. Our houses are of thick stone - with mostly good insulated walls and a few windows.
During hot weeks I'll shade windows during the day.
And have cross ventilation windows - open doors at night. That still is okay on most days - if it's only hot for 10 days or so. Longer periods are brutal - then it's best to suffer outside in shadows."
"May be true for Germany. In Spain we have 40 degree July and Augusts where temperatures never drop below 25 in the nights and there’s high humidity. I live in a passive house design and we still chose AC, but we use it to a very low setting in key days. People historically protected against that by shutting everything down during midday and working early mornings and late afternoons. That is no longer possible in today’s worlds. Efficient heat pumps are the way to go for any architecture."
^ categorize this (and more) into subpages by country?
[[rooftop solar]] - case studies
is it self-sufficient for electricity and heating/cooling
high rise in hot humid weather
single house in hot humid weather
single house in cold weather
high rise in cold weather
etc
[[planned obsolescence]] - Even if we end planned obsolescence, people will still need to actually [[frugalism|choose to consume less]].
[[code bloat]] - Even if we end code bloat , people will still need to actually [[frugalism|choose to consume less]].
[[right to repair]] - Even if we achieve right to repair , people will still need to actually [[frugalism|choose to consume less]].
^ or maybe have that line tacked onto the [[frugalism]] bullet point in 'see also'?
[[mess buildings]] - specify that it's mostly meant for single adults; kids shouldn't be subjected to parents' extreme messiness (although moderate messiness is ok for kids)
[[soundproofing]]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tI3kkk2JdoI
ziqi92 - 3 weeks ago (edited) - I honestly believe that if denser housing options in America were built with more soundproof walls, floors, and ceilings, Americans wouldn’t be afraid of townhomes, apartments, and duplexes. Whenever I was abroad, I never heard a peep from the surrounding neighbors in any of the hotels, hostels, or apartments I stayed at. In America, hotels and apartments alike have hollow walls that allow me to hear all kinds of unnecessary crap like stomping, arguments, etc. This lack of proper soundproofing is a form of privacy invasion and is absolutely detrimental to mental health over the long term. I honestly believe this is the main reason why middle and upper middle class Americans avoid denser housing options like the plague. We need to modify our building codes to be more soundproof so developers aren’t skimping on those costs.
[[If we choose communism/Frugalism]]:
frugalism via workers owning the means of production: example: tradespeople deciding not to do any superficial renos until there's enough basic liveable housing for everyone (i.e. essential projects come first).
upload reno.png and put it in context i guess
[[energy]]
simplify the energy demand graphs
"reducing energy demand" - don't mention EVs here, just talk about public transit and walkability.
mention evs in some other context, idk where, and mention that they barely even reduce energy demand (from a TES perspective, not TFC) if [[electric vehicles/fossil fuel powered|the electricity is from fossil fuels]]
overhaul page?
[[plant-based]] - have separate pages (instead of tabs) for each diet, and then compare them sidebyside on another page in terms of land use?
[[hydrogen gas#faq]] - if it takes water to make hydrogen gas, does that mean we'll soon run out of water and the earth will run dry? No. When hydrogen gas is burned, the hydrogen recombines with oxygen to produce H2O again (water vapor) which goes back into the atmosphere and eventually becomes rain. The water cycle is not disrupted.
[[water-powered car]] - bullshit
[[urine-powered car]] - bullshit
[[alcohol-powered car]] - biofuels are not a solution
[[vegetable oil-powered car]] - biofuels are not a solution
[[Category:Fake solutions]]
[[waste oil]], like other [[biofuels]], '''can't''' provide a scaleable alternative to [[fossil fuels]]. {{light|The page on [[biofuels]] explains why.}}
Vegetable oil left over from deep fryers.
Although it's a "waste" product, it never had to be created in the first place. There are better ways to fry foods that don't make any of the vegetable oil inedible.
Just how wasteful are deep fryers {{pn|TODO: compare waste oil production with total vegetable oil production}}
how to use existing fryers in a way that is less wasteful
designs for less wasteful deep fryers {{npn}}
other ways to cook food with oil
faq: "but isn't it better for oils to end up in the trash than in food? shouldn't we be not eating oils in the first place?" no - the human body needs fats in order to absorb vitamins a,d,e,k {{x|which could be found for example in vegetables eaten at the same meal as the fried food. could also be found in a multivitamin}}. Canola oil is also a source of essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 {{x|yes, omega-6 is essential even though most people get more than enough of it. yes the omega-3 in canola is ALA instead of the DHA and EPA found in fish; but a normal healthy human body can convert the former into the latter}}, nutrients that remain intact as long as the oil isn't cooked at too high a temperature.{{qn}} of course there are other sources of fats, but vegetable oils are one of the more affordable options.
In other words, for every gram of vegetable oil in food, another gram ends up as waste.
burning food (just like composting it) doesn't recover all the resources that went into making it. <!-- TODO: do the usual elaboration about land use, deforestation, hunger, etc. At this point we should probably put it in a template --> better to have not made the food product inedible in the first place.
Don't blame the people who are repurposing it. Blame the people creating it.
Better to not make waste oil in the first place, but since there is some being made, may as well use it for
Uses for waste oil include diesel fuel for trucks, ...
_% of crop land produces crops that end up as waste oil. But all of that oil can barely even replace _% of all fossil fuels.
[[wasting water]]
For the same amount of water, wasting ''hot'' water is far worse for the environment than wasting ''cold'' water, because of all the fuel needed to heat the water.
{{p2|[see estimate]|{{calc|(hot_water.temperature - cold_water.temperature) * water_specificheat / waterdensity|tbsp gasoline / gallon||Fuels other than gasoline are much more commonly used, but the amounts and carbon footprints are similar.}} }}
[[feed efficiency]]
"Producing 1 kg of boneless meat requires an average of 2.8 kg human-edible feed in ruminant systems and 3.2 kg in monogastric systems." <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211912416300013 Mottet et al, 2016-2017, "Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate"] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001</ref>
Comparing the nutrients in 100g of chicken<sup>[not counting bones]</sup> vs 100g of feed<sup>[corn and soy]</sup>: https://olam.wiki/nutrition.html?targets=averaged×cale=1&name0=Corn%20grain%2C%20yellow&amount0=78&color0=rgb(0%2C%200%2C%200)&name1=Soy%20flour%2C%20defatted&amount1=22&color1=rgb(0%2C%200%2C%200)&name2=Chicken%2C%20broilers%20or%20fryers%2C%20meat%20and%20skin%2C%20raw&amount2=100&color2=rgb(255%2C%200%2C%200)
protein stays the same
for most nutrients, the chicken has less
the only nutrients that the chicken has noticeably more of are choline, niacin and b12 (all of which can be supplemented very cheaply).
TODO: need to figure out how this could vibe with the existing content
TODO: find info on animal-specific feed efficiencies instead of just the general "ruminant" vs "monogastric" categories
[[crop choices]]
Top-yielding crops vary tremendously by country. As a world average, the top 5 are mushrooms, garlic, soybeans, maize and sugar.
Mushrooms - highest yields of all, but only because they don't need sunlight to grow; they instead get their energy from [[biomass waste|inedible fibre]] which is mostly a by-product of other crops. {{minor|Note: Mushrooms and truffles are counted together in the dataset, but truffles are probably nowhere near as high-yielding as mushrooms.}}
Garlic - very high-yielding crop that even out-performs corn and soy, but not really practical to use as a main source of calories or protein. Garlic's high yields are probably because it's so pungent that very few pests will eat it. The pungency comes from sulfur compounds which have health benefits (antioxidant) and flavor, but are so strong that garlic can't really provide more than 5% of dietary calories.
Corn and soybeans - the classic high-yielding crops
Sugarcane and sugar beets - calorie yields are about equal for both sugar crops. protein yields are very low (although maybe this is a function of how they are processed)
[[plant-based]]
yes, wheat has some protein (so do other grains). it's not a [[complete protein]] on its own
dirt cheap corn and soy
avg: https://olam.wiki/nutrition.html?targets=averaged×cale=1&name0=Corn%20grain%2C%20yellow&amount0=500&color0=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%200)&name1=Soybeans%2C%20mature%20seeds%2C%20raw&amount1=100&color1=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%20204)&name2=Salt%2C%20table&amount2=3.4&color2=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%20255)&name3=Calcium%20carbonate&amount3=1&color3=rgb(255%2C%20153%2C%20255)&name4=Multi-vitamin-and-mineral%20supplement%20(one-a-day)%2C%201%20gram%20%3D%201%20pill&amount4=1&color4=rgb(255%2C%200%2C%20255)
male: https://olam.wiki/nutrition.html?targets=male×cale=1&name0=Corn%20grain%2C%20yellow&amount0=500&color0=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%200)&name1=Soybeans%2C%20mature%20seeds%2C%20raw&amount1=100&color1=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%20153)&name2=Sugars%2C%20brown&amount2=60&color2=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%20204)&name3=Salt%2C%20table&amount3=3.4&color3=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%20255)&name4=Calcium%20carbonate&amount4=1&color4=rgb(255%2C%20153%2C%20255)&name5=Multi-vitamin-and-mineral%20supplement%20(one-a-day)%2C%201%20gram%20%3D%201%20pill&amount5=1&color5=rgb(255%2C%200%2C%20255)
another corn soy potatoes garlic sugar imperfect nutrition: https://olam.wiki/nutrition.html?targets=male×cale=1&name0=Corn%20grain%2C%20yellow&amount0=300&color0=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%20153)&name1=Soy%20flour%2C%20defatted&amount1=30&color1=rgb(255%2C%20204%2C%20153)&name2=Seasoning%20mix%2C%20dry%2C%20chili%2C%20original&amount2=30&color2=rgb(153%2C%200%2C%200)&name3=Garlic%2C%20raw&amount3=30&color3=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%20255)&name4=Potatoes%2C%20baked%2C%20flesh%20and%20skin%2C%20with%20salt&amount4=850&color4=rgb(204%2C%20204%2C%20204)&name5=Sugars%2C%20brown&amount5=100&color5=rgb(153%2C%20102%2C%2051)&name6=Oil%2C%20canola&amount6=10&color6=rgb(255%2C%20255%2C%20153)&name7=Multi-vitamin-and-mineral%20supplement%20(one-a-day)%2C%201%20gram%20%3D%201%20pill&amount7=1&color7=rgb(255%2C%200%2C%20255)&name8=Calcium%20carbonate&amount8=1&color8=rgb(255%2C%20153%2C%20255)
[//olam.wiki/food_land_calc]
sliders for each crop
pin calories or protein
show total protein and cals only
maybe later show aminos
[[passivhaus]] - its a standard for minimal [[energy]] usage in heating/cooling. ideally the building is literally a "passive house" meaning that it takes no energy at all to heat and cool. but this isn't always perfectly achievable, so the standards aren't always that strict.
[[insulation]]
if building new, put as much as possible
retrofits are harder {{rn}}
[[solar/Safety]]
needs emergency shutoff
arcing?
lightning?
[[ammonia as fuel]]
[[category:Energy storage]]
Can be pressurized to be more energy-''dense'' than [[hydrogen gas]] (by volume), even though it's less energy by ''weight''.
NOx emissions? {{rn}}
[[heat pumps]] - r32 probably best bet
[[refrigerants/CO2]] or [[CO2 heat pump]]
ghg emissions - much lower than other refrigerants
might seem strange that co2 is actually less of a greenhouse gas here, but
most heat pumps today (not CO2-based) contain refrigerants that happen to be greenhouse gases as well, but are thousands of times more potent and long-lasting than CO2 (by mass). These small amounts of gas have noticeable effect on the climate, whereas the same amount of CO2 would not.
there's about _ grams of co2 in such a heat pump; compare this to heating with natural gas, which would release that much co2 in just _ days - whereas the heat pump lasts a few decades.
pressurization
for CO2 to work as a refridgerant, it has to be pressurized to about 20 to 30 atm (much more than other refrigerants need to be). Containing it requires more expensive components. {{qn|- and is this cost largely due to the ''energy'' or the ''labor'' involved (in manufacturing)?}}
the main reason CO2 isn't used more often
external links
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npqzHpeIvhM Why CO2 Heat Pumps Are The Future Of Cooling - Undecided With Matt Ferrell - YouTube]
harvest thermal / sanco2 heat pumps
[[climate change#FAQ]] - but humans breathe out CO2 too? Yes, in much smaller quantities. Not enough to cause climate change. {{qn}}
[[exploiter's fallacy]] - aka the "at least we're giving them jobs" fallacy, occurs when...
[[liquid trees]]
liquid 3 - link - TODO: find link again
Claimed to be "10 to 50 times more efficient than trees" or according to some links, "400 times more efficient than trees", or that it can replace 200 m^2 of lawn or one big oak tree.
Doesn't make sense. Where's the air input? Where's the oxygen output? Where's the system to strain out the sequestered carbon and store it somewhere? Also, does the sun provide most of the energy or does it rely on external electricity which was either generated by fossil fuels or could have been used elsewhere to replace fossil fuels? What about the carbon emitted in construction? I just don't see how this could be a net carbon absorber, let alone outperform trees.
Verdict: Probably a fake solution.
see also - [[algae]], which ''does'' sequester carbon more efficiently than trees, just not in this context.
[[thorium]] [[thorium power]] [[thorium-232]]
thorium-232 becomes uranium-233 (which doesnt occur in nature, unlike u235 and u238)
uses nuclear waste as a kickstarter of the reaction
external link [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U434Sy9BGf8 THORIUM: World's CHEAPEST Energy! (Science Unveiled)]
[Comment from jordonhope3408]: Thanks Tomas! A couple of suggestions for your sales pitch that might help cut through the misinformation: 1) thorium energy will produce less waste than solar (a PV solar panel has a limited lifespan and can't be recycled and is full of toxic heavy meatals). 2) local governments won't have to hire nuclear experts if they enter a supply contract with CoAtom. They won't have to deal with nuclear waste, won't have to transport nuclear material, and will never even be in possession of radioactive material. 3) because a facility can basically be put anywhere, there's reduced need for long-distance transmission & distribution lines (which are expensive to build, dangerous and expensive to maintain, and lose a lot of energy when distances are long). Watching your pregress with great interest!
so maybe the only impediment is government approval needed for development (since anything nuclear requires strict license, rightfully so)?
[[uranium-238]] [[uranium-238 reactors]] [[uranium-238 breeder reactors]] [[power from nuclear waste]]
proliferation concerns - high
unsafe bc it makes plutonium(239?) which is too easy to make weapons with
[[EVs]] - generating enough electricity - how much is needed given charge/discharge cycles; m^2 solar or wind per capita; charging during daytime
[[inflation]] or [[price-wage discrepency]] or make a shareable idk
1. "One person's spending is another person's income."
2. "Prices are going up faster than wages."
How can both be true?
* Income inequality keeps increasing (i.e. the wages of MOST people haven't caught up with prices, but the incomes of a small group of rich people have grown tremendously, even considering inflation)?
* Resources are getting scarcer (maybe real scarcity, maybe artificial scarcity)?
[[grammar]] or make meme to be shared in climate activist groups
Why English sucks for communicating important ideas:
bar chart, something like 100g steel, 50g gold, 200g plastic, 150g glass
"The new design uses half of the materials" could mean this... or it could mean this... or it could mean this... etc
When it comes to solving climate change, the internet is riddled with misinformation about which solutions are viable and which solutions are not. Part of this is because our lexicon fails to provide a way to describe ideas unambiguously. It's time we invent new grammatical structures that can express what needs to be said.
[[underutilized foodstuffs]] - popcorn kernels that failed to pop - grind them into flour? {{npn}}
[[protein combining]]
tl;dr: If you eat a ''variety'' of [[plant-based]] foods, you will almost certainly get enough high-quality protein.
To have adequate protein in the diet, there needs to be:
* enough ''total'' protein, '''and'''
* enough of each ''essential'' amino acid
biochemistry background knowledge (small font)
Protein molecules are chains of smaller molecules called amino acids. Living organisms string them together in different ways to make different proteins. When you eat protein, digestion breaks it down into its amino acids, which your body absorbs and uses to build its own proteins.
There are 20 different amino acids{{x|as in, 20 ''types'' of amino acid molecules. A ''protein'' molecule could be any length, perhaps thousands or millions of amino acids molecules long, but there are just 20 kinds of amino acid molecules to be strung together}}.
For human nutrition, 9 of those are called ''essential'' amino acids. The body still needs all 20, but it can make the "non-essential" ones by converting some of the essential ones, if need be.
what are complete and incomplete proteins
todo: diagrams
two different incomplete proteins can usually make a complete protein
i.e. 20g protein from rice and 20g protein from lentils makes 40g ''complete'' protein
an incomplete protein and a complete protein can usually also make a complete protein
i.e. 20g protein from bread and 20g protein from beef makes 40g ''complete'' protein
faq - but what if im an athlete
[[protein and athleticism]]
stuff abt how little
faq: but i eat more than that and im jacked: you'd still be jacked with less protein as long as u kept the same calories vitamins minerals
faq: then why they say so much protein - marketing probably idk
[[climate change]]
how do they know the global temperature - see [<!--TODO: get url, it's from Vox-->this youtube short] for one method
why care about climate change when it means warmer winters? - tell that to the people who have to deal with more and more unmanageable heat waves. The sad part is that the people who suffer the most from climate change did the least to contribute to it, statistically speaking. {{x|The majority of global GHG emissions come from richer / more developed countries, most of which are in cooler climates.}}
[[drive-in movies]]
used to exist in the olden days. Maybe we should bring them back, combined with chargers for [[electric vehicles]]? That way, you have something to do while your vehicle charges...
[[File:Screen-Shot-2019-07-16-at-5.03.37-AM.png]] (upload from local downloads folder)
from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffarmpolicynews.illinois.edu%2F2019%2F07%2Ffao-report-on-world-hunger-more-than-820-million-people-are-hungry%2F&psig=AOvVaw0FexxsbR8XY-7JbZi69fS4&ust=1696071231189000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCMCwzI_Wz4EDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI
number of people hungry, by location
Refactor the housing section
stuff to cover
Housing/Canada: 8 million single adults, 2 million single-person units
Housing/Subdividing/Into studios: How, why, where (suited for any regions where single people vastly outnumber single-person housing units - i.e. in [[Housing/Canada|]] & US). Answer faq about what about families. Also talk about timeframe given vacancy rates
Housing/Subdividing/Houses into duplexes: Suited for places w smaller families idk; Heading: Comparison to building new houses: lower env footprint (construction & heating/cooling), lower cost, less comfort but probably good enough. TALK: Make page about how in general, settling for cheaper means less comfort but less wageslavery so maybe a happier life?
Commercial to residential (or "converting office space to housing") - some quantification needed
Don't demolish housing{{p|unless the building is condemned, of course}} (even if it's to build new housing in the same space). Any market that does this should be considered a market failure.
Making suburbs walkable - idk wht to say
Basic labor involved in housing
(probably something else i forgot)
page layout
TODO decide
[[Template:inner link]] ''[[#{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]''
[[Template:Pn]] - make another for full paragraphs. Template:Pnp?
[[israel-palestine conflict]]
both sides must admit what they did wrong
israel (netanyahu administration)
cutting off water supply
excuse: need to starve the militants
debunked: militants get first dibs on rations, innocent people get dehydrated. it's also a human rights violation, and just gives palestine more reason to terrorize israel (out of desperation).
demolishing tens of thousands of homes
excuse: stop terrorist headquarters and bombmaking labs
debunked: there's no way that that many homes could be used for that. and to demolish that many "just in case" harms innocent people, giving the world more reason to hate israel
leaving palestinians with so little land that almost every airstrike results in civilian casualties
excuse: they won that fair and square
debunked: does not justify collective punishment of palestinians. could at least give back some of the west bank to make borders look more like 1967 and provide the right-of-return for at least some palestinians
general
excuse: need to be tough on palestinians so they dont walk all over israel
debunked: stop conflating strength with cruelty.
palestine (hamas)
terror attacks on civilians (rockets, suicide bombs)
excuse: make israeli land uninhabitable so israelis gtfo (btw rockets dont usually kill or injure, 95% of them just damage buildings or whatever)
debunked: does not justify punishing people who did nothing wrong (and theres still the 5% of rockets that do injure or kill)
capturing innocent people as hostages, torturing and/or killing some of them including babies
excuse: palestinians are so desperately oppressed that they have no choice
debunked: does not justify punishing people who did nothing wrong
using human shields
excuse: theres so little land that any palestinian military action gets mixed with civilian living
debunked: israel warns to evacuate the area before an airstrike, and hamas usually either doesn't inform the civilians or purposely downplays it and forces them into the line of fire
missed opportunities for peace
there are 11 of them, according to a chapter in a book by neil caplan (forgot the name of the book)
solutions?
return to 1967 borders?
"[Hamas] regards the whole of historic Palestine as Islamic land and therefore views the state of Israel as an occupier, though it has offered a 10-year "truce" if Israel withdraws to the lines held before the war of 1967." - wikipedia:Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel
right of return for palestininans?
partial implementation viable at least? {{rn| - need maps}}
jews move to the desert (negev, south israel) where theres no one? give back the whole north to palestine, including tel aviv?
probably impractical for everyone, c'mon man!
[[share button shouldn't be so close to the delete button]]
category:unconfirmed ideas
use-cases this may apply to
mobile phone
in browsing pictures on your phone
onscreen keyboard (bksp and send button too close)
solutions
empty
[[underutilised foodstuffs]] - popcorn old maids
grind into flour
sources
bagged popcorn factory
do at home: coffee grinder? untested
considerations
oil - would it get in the way of the grinding process?
if not ground enough, shitty
taste - good, like popcorn
external link [https://www.thefreshloaf.com/node/57664/farina-bona-flour-old-maids Farina Bona - flour from Old Maids] btw not even sure if its oldmaids or if its just popcorn kernels from scratch
[[getting the most nutrients out of vegetables]]
you might have heard two contradictory things about cooking - that it destroys nutrition, and that it improves nutrition. to understand this properly, here's what's going on
basic theory
tl;dr: 1. never cook fruits. 2. and always cook hard vegetables. 3. when boiling vegetables, keep the water; don't drain it, use it for a soup.
nutrients
cooking destroys vitamin c, some b vitamins, and most antioxidants
cooking does not significantly destroy vitamins a, d, e, or k
cooking does not destroy minerals, but they may leach into boiling water. so when boiling vegetables, don't throw out the water afterwards; keep it and use it for soups etc.
cell walls
vegetables under a microscope: the nutrients are contained within tiny cells, which have fiberous ''cell walls''. you need to break down those cell walls if you want to digest and absorb the nutrients.
things that help break down the cell walls
cooking
chewing
blending in a blender
freezing/thawing
some plants have tougher cell walls than other plants.
fruits cell walls are the easiest to break down - just by chewing. same thing is true for onions and bell peppers {{x|fruits evolved to be eaten.}}
carrots are tougher. to be able to absorb all the nutrients in a raw carrot, you either have to chew it extremely well, or throw it in a powerful blender (freezing/thawing it first might also help if your blender isn't powerful enough). but luckily, carrots have mainly vitamin a, which isn't destroyed by heat anyway, so cook your carrots. cook them with a bit of oil because vitamin a is oil-soluble
all of this is true for kale as well
table: "food" - "cook it?"
carrots - yes
kale - yes
broccoli - yes
onions - no
bell peppers - no
apples - no
pears - no
peaches - no
debunk the myth that draining beans is good - btw mention that thoroughly boiling is the best way to make it not promote farts; and that level of cooking means that the beans get mushy and shouldn't be drained. make it all into a soup. the liquid has Mg, K, P, Ca
[[energy]] - subregions by country [[/Canada]]
[[EVs]] - fire risks - less than gasoline vehicles - good
[[frugalism]] [[food waste]] [[plant-based]] could link to [[proportionality principle?]] -> [[but do one person's actions really make a big enough difference to be worthwhile?]]
yes - proportionality utilitarianism or rough estimate of how many lives affected by one person living differently
[[frugalism]] rename page to [[frugality]]? that way it's not an 'ism' - but then again, many kinds of 'ity' are peddled by authoritarians (piety, confirmity, liability, ...), so maybe it ain't much better
[[crude oil]]
is a fossil fuel
climate change
peak oil
oil products - fractions of refining
need to balance consumption of diesel and gasoline
and how we gonna have enough asphalt if we dont burn as much gasoline
asphalt can be recycled quite a few times apparently
how much is consumed? could bio-materials replace some or most of it?
non-fuel uses (not bad for the planet)
category:energy sources
[[agrovoltaics]]
could grow shade crops under the panels, but u couldve grown the same shade crops in the shade of full-sun crops instead
no matter how you slice it, crops and solar panels are always in direct competition.
[[labor]] - rework it or rename it to a socialist subpage
[[File:chocolate-bloom1.jpg]] - Dark chocolate coated almonds with "bloom" on some of them. Makes them look like cute speckled easter eggs 🐇
While it may ''look'' like mold, ...
[[EVs]] - mention somewhere just how many batteries are needed in each car (and dont get me started on how many batteries are in a tesla semi - gotta google it)
[[heating and cooling]]
electricity or fuel needed, as a function of outdoor temp (assuming average-case insulation)
would that work or is the average case insulation drastically different by country
so then scrap this and have subpages by country? Heating/UK, Heating/Canada, Cooling/India, etc?
meta: what to do about shit like this where "it depends"?
excludes hot water, right?
^ need new doc for 'undecided' changes to make like this?
[[electric trucks]]
this page is about electric semi trucks (freight trucks). For passenger / pickup trucks, see [[electric cars]].
how much storage needed
how much peak power
candidates for types of storage - batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen combustion
how many semi trucks, how much of transportation energy do they currently use
reducing demand
[[Walkability]] can't reduce the demand for semi trucks (or their [[energy]] consumption). But [[frugalism]] can. The demand for transportation of goods is a function of the goods that people buy (and how much of them).
[[electric buses]] - maybe lfp batteries
[[hydrogen combustion vehicles]] - less efficient than hydrogen fuel cells, but less pgm than fuel cell models
[[hydrogen fuel cell vehicles]] [[hfcev]] [[fcev]] [[fuel cell vehicles]]
is a type of [[EV]]
considerations - pgms - since proportional to horsepower, maybe trucks are better as hydrogen combustion
[[hydrogen gas]]
pgms estimate from status quo fossil fuels replaced w wind-generated hydrogen "simple estimate" (maybe put its limitations in an expandable, at some point)
pgms estimate with fuel cells - just for comparison - its more despite less wind being needed
[[lfp batteries]] [[LiFePO4]] [[lithium iron phosphate]]
still uses lithium but not cobalt - less bad but still kinda bad
already in production
maybe suitable for city buses - which section to put this in
[[lithium-ion]] - cobalt estimates: try using some stat about how much cobalt in the vehicle idk
[[lithium-sulfur]]
energy density - high
cobalt - none
lithium - some
lifespan - major problem (due to "Polysulfide shuttle effect" of the battery chemistry)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery
[[wind]] - recycling
blades are made of plastic and fiberglass and are huge, hard to recycle but materials are fairly abundant anyway and effectively act like rocks when buried in the earth (blades need to be chopped up before burial tho)
[https://blog.ucsusa.org/james-gignac/wind-turbine-blades-recycling/ Wind Turbine Blades Don't Have To End Up In Landfills]
[[wind]] - write abt rare-earths properly
[[wind]]
land
On one hand, wind power requires far more [[land]] than solar power (for the same amount of energy). This is because wind itself is caused by the sun's heat: About 2% of sunlight energy that hits the earth gets converted into winds.
On the other hand, the land that wind power needs is mostly just ''empty space'' between the wind turbines. This allows wind turbines to coexist with farmland quite easily (unlike solar panels, which block the sun){{x|and while it's true that transparent solar panels do exist, they capture far less energy. Any sunlight absorbed by solar panels is sunlight ''not'' absorbed by crops.}}.
TODO: find study that estimates max wind power TWh/year if all suitable land/ocean were exploited
Lu, X., et al. (2009) “Global potential for wind-generated electricity.” Proceedings of National
Academy of Sciences, 106(27).
U.S. EIA (2021) International Energy Statis
noise {{empty}}
[[wind]] thumbnail - offshore is "but often further away from where it's needed"
[[rare earth magnets]] - datapoints needed
wind.neodymium_by_power or wind.rq_neodymium
electric_car.neodymium
neodymium.reserves (can be calculated from REE reserves)
[[solar panel minerals]]
general: silver or copper - lead or tin - copper or aluminium - silicon (non-issue)
thin-film types: aSiGe, CdTe, CIGS, i forget what else idk
[[trash picking]] - Why people throw out good stuff
food - main page: [[is it still ok to eat]]
Most [[bakeries]]{{x|especially in "first-world" countries}} don't want to sell anything that's more than a day old. This includes bread, muffins etc which are perfectly [[is it still ok to eat|safe to eat]] (hardened a bit, but not moldy). A lot of businesses don't want to make a bad impression by selling older stuff. Even the ones who do sell day-olds as day-olds still end up throwing a lot of them out as there are more than they can sell. Businesses that especially pride themselves as "always fresh" will throw out everything that doesn't sell by the end of the day, and sometimes even things that are just a few hours old.
Broken packages that can't be sold. This might even include a carton of eggs where 1 is broken and the other 11 are still fine - the store just isn't set up to sell eggs as singles, so they throw out the whole package.
One bad apple in a bag of apples - the whole bag can't be sold, it might feel entirely rotten when in fact all the apples are in good condition except for one. This also happens with carrots, potatoes, and more.
Expired but still ok - nonperishables are good for quite a few months past the date; even years in some cases.
Expired vitamin supplements just lose a bit of potency. For example, when a bottle of vitamin C says 500mg per tablet, this is guaranteed up until the expiry date. After the date, it might only have 490mg (oh no! so terrible! not) but no matter how old it gets, it's never harmful to ingest. B vitamins might start to smell a bit weird though.
note about oddly shaped fruits/veg: it's not usually the grocery stores that throw them out, it's the farmers that can't sell them except for making jams. Buy more jam, help make use of ugly fruits so they don't go to waste. Tradeoff is packaging tho. Any other solutions post about it.
non-food
[[Home waste]]: People moving out and not having time/space to bring all their stuff to the new place.
Business waste: Customer returns a product (due to changing their mind about wanting it - ''not'' due to any defect) but the store isn't good at keeping track of which returns are defects, so it just throws out all returned products
Also, some places don't have a "lost and found" box, and they just throw out whatever people happen to accidentally leave there.
[[crop choices]] changes maybe
change vetches xref to broadbeans instead of celery? nah theres already broadbeans horsebeans idk etc
talk about what it means if u look at 'world' which crops are top?
mention on page (not just sql code) about mushroom yields being an exception case?
[[school system]] - maybe read the following blog post, judging from the title it might have some proposed solutions for the school system?: https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/2022/05/harms-and-possibilities-of-schooling.html
[[albedo]]
DPs needed - forest.albedo, desert.albedo, albedo.temp_by_area, co2.temp_by_mass, deforestation.co2eq_by_area
co2.temp_by_mass could maybe be based on current warming (1.5'C), modern and historic co2 levels (409ppm - 350ppm), atmospheric mass, and some molar equations and maybe something about ocean carbon absorption? still gotta figure out how to factor in methane or whatever
[[walkability]] - via new construction
DPs needed: building.carbon, building.units, average_car.usage, average_car.mpg
Quick thought experiment: Simplified assumptions: Suppose some city developers are building a brand new neighborhood from scratch where no one would drive at all - and all the people moving in will be people who formerly lived in suburbs and drove the same amount as the average American (and let's say they sell off their cars or whatever). How would the carbon footprint of construction compare to the carbon saved by people not driving?
Additional assumption: That 1 housing unit in the new neighborhood will effectively replace 1 car from the old neighborhood. {{x|i.e. That the old way of life was "one car per household", and that one housing unit in the new neighborhood is big enough to fit the people from one household in the old neighborhood.}}
{{calc|building.carbon / building.units|years (average_car.usage / average_car.mpg * gasoline.ghg_by_energy)||Time it takes to "break even" in terms of carbon}}
All the more reason why we should use housing to its full end of life, and not demolish/replace it prematurely.
[[renewables]] - The problem with incremental progress
Despite all the hype about how much solar & wind power have grown, they still have a VERY long way to go.
* Solar energy production is currently 1300 TWh/year <ref><q>Solar PV generation increased by a record 270 TWh (up 26%) in 2022, reaching almost 1 300 TWh.</q><cite>[https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/solar-pv Solar PV - International Energy Agency]</cite></ref>
* Wind energy production is currently 2100 TWh/year <ref><q>In 2022 wind electricity generation increased by a record 265 TWh (up 14%), reaching more than 2 100 TWh.</q><cite>[https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/wind Wind - International Energy Agency]</cite></ref>
* But to replace all fossil fuels with electricity, we would need 135000 TWh/year! {{p2|[show maths]|{{calc|fossil_fuels.energy_consumption|TWh/year||Implicit conversion of [[energy units]]|In practice, we might need '''more''' to make up for losses in [[energy storage]] and transmission. Or we might need '''less''' because [[electric vehicles]] are more energy-efficient, and because the energy losses of fossil-fuel power plants would be avoided. In any case, this rough estimate still illustrates the point. Other estimates could be added to this page as well.}} }}
* In other words, renewables '''still have to grow by a factor of 40.'''
[[energy supply challenges]] - wind, solar, nuclear, storage, all in one place?
[[exploiter's fallacy]] - similar to the ''broken window fallacy'' ([//wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_window_fallacy wikipedia link])
[[is it still ok to eat]]
expired vitamins lose a bit of potency
(i.e. become 450mg instead of 500mg) (make graph)
b vit start to smell weird tho "kinda like cat food or cereal"
expired mineral supps (calcium, iron, zinc etc) dont even do that. worst case the pill texture just changes a bit, idk wht else the exp date would be based on, arbitrary standard
[[lithium-ion]] - modify pre-intro about nmc; it's also about nca. "Two of the most commonly-used types of batteries, Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA) and Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) use 80% and 33% nickel respectively;" - [https://nickelinstitute.org/en/about-nickel-and-its-applications/nickel-in-batteries/ Nickel in batteries - Nickel institute]
[[Energy supply solution 1]]
Innovations needed: low-mineral solar panels, sodium-ion batteries, iron redox flow batteries
Cheap rooftop solar + cheap batteries
Wind + hydrogen: Earth has a lot of potential for wind power, but most of it is geographically too far away{{x|from where people live; from where most energy is consumed}}for power lines{{x|and usually too intermittent to be used on power grids without fossil fuel power plants filling in the gaps anyway}}. Instead, use that electricity to generate [[hydrogen gas]], and then ship the gas to where people can use it as fuel. Hydrogen can be used for vehicles, home heating and gas stoves.
[[Energy supply solution 2]]
Innovations needed: Thorium breeder reactors, sodium-ion batteries
Rationale
[[conventional nuclear power|Uranium-235]] is too scarce to replace [[fossil fuels|coal, oil and gas]].
Uranium-238 is abundant but the reactors enable weapons proliferation.
Thorium-232 is abundant and much safer.
Fusion power is still science fiction.
So by process of elimination, thorium is really the best way forward for nuclear power.
[[Energy supply solutions summary]]
Things that actually stand a chance to replace fossil fuels:
'''Solar panels:''' Only if they can be made cheaply with no rare minerals (it's ok if the efficiency is lower). Need to mass produce enough to cover every rooftop. Need energy storage: sodium-ion batteries or similar.
'''Wind power:''' Only to generate hydrogen gas (which can be used as fuel instead of natural gas). Otherwise too intermittent, too far away for power lines.
'''Nuclear:''' Only if it's thorium. Fusion is a pipe dream, uranium-235 is too scarce, and uranium-238 has too many weapons proliferation concerns.
In any case, it becomes a lot easier if we '''drive less''' (some careers are an exception obviously) and '''buy less''' new stuff. Those factors alone account for 2/3 of the world's energy consumption.
[[Project:About]] or somewhere else?:
Sorry I have to use subjective-sounding language in what should be objective science research - but let's be honest: sometimes there's just no other concise way to present the information. We can always add footnotes later to add precision to my "vague" words.
Perscriptive language: Some things are written in the style of "there should be [such and such] on the market". I know this offends some people who think "who tf are you for dictating what the market should do?", but at the end of the day, I'm not in charge of anything - I'm just speaking on how things could be. I like to normalize this kind of "perscriptive" language, because otherwise we're stuck with either 1- awkward academic language of hypotheticals, or 2- status-quo discourse that's restricted to things that could be achieved through small incremental changes only.
[[Project:Citations]] - Don't mind the lack of citations (because my workflow is that I read a lot of sources until I have a solid understanding, and then write from my understanding; I haven't had time to go back and trace which facts came for which source)
[[Project:Principles]]
writing
optimism and pessimism
assume that people can change.
assume that culture & politics & economics can change, sometimes radically.
assume that technology ''might'' change in the future, but look for solutions that could already work today.
assume that physics won't change.
Make room for all levels of detail
From the biggest broadest intentions, all the way down to the most obscure technical details, this wiki is a place for all of it. Organize it so that people of different disciplines can come together and collaborate on stuff that matters.
We want different "target audiences" to mix. Content for one group is connected to content for another. As a reader you choose your own adventure. We don't believe in filter bubbles.
reading
"read the expandables before criticizing"
[[Project:No dress code]]
Academic journals restrict which language can be used (unprofessional informal cant be used for main writings, only quotes mostly). We believe this has the unfortunate side effect of restricting which ideas even get said at all.
However, we highly value science and mathematical reasoning. We want to push for ideas that are actually physically [[Term:viable|]], even when politics have made them seem unviable.
[[Project:Related]] - add wikirouge?: wikirouge (french only): marxist theory, which is ''one'' approach to applying the change wiki's ideas
[[Project:...]] namespace: Gather everything i got so far (both live and pending) and decide on a refactor structure. Some shit gotta really be reachable from the main page
[[letters]] - Solving climate change is complicated. A whole lot of different parties must take action at once. That's why we're gathering a list of letters to send to the right people.
[[Letter:Elon Musk:Sodium-ion batteries]]
As you might be aware, scarcity of cobalt & nickel makes it impossible to scale up lithium-ion batteries enough to make all the world's vehicles electric. Gasoline & diesel will continue to win the market until there's a cheaper battery type available based on Earth-abundant materials.
I've been researching the possibilities and compiling a wiki on it. So far, the most promising solution seems to be sodium-ion.
Key points about sodium-ion batteries:
* They have not yet been brought to market, as of 2023.
* They can be made using mostly the same factory equipment as lithium-ion.
* They can withstand more charge cycles than lithium-ion.
* They are inherently stable, even when damaged. No need to add cobalt for stability.
* Just one catch: Their energy-density is lower than lithium-ion.
The media thinks the last point is a fatal flaw. There's the occasional news article about some company trying to make sodium-ion as energy-sense as lithium-ion. But there's no follow-up, no guarantee it'll happen, and I think there's a far better solution:
Embrace the flaw, and market it anyway. There's a huge market for short-range EVs if they can be made dirt-cheap.
Keep lithium-ion for Tesla as it's a luxury brand. But create a new sub-brand with a different name, for low-end EVs made with sodium-ion batteries.
This isn't the stuff of startups. Only you have the capital to start repurposing lithium-ion factory equipment for this.
Worst-case, it's only marginally profitable. Even then, you still fulfill your role as a utilitarian billionaire getting the ball rolling on scalable solutions to end climate change.
work this in somewhere:
Even at 3% cobalt, lithium-ion batteries can't scale up enough to electrify the world's vehicles.
outtakes
I've been building a wiki to summarize as many climate solutions as possible, to try and see what's the best way forward. The wiki is still in early stages, so don't mind the lack of citations (because my workflow is that I read a lot of sources until I have a solid understanding, and then write from my understanding; I haven't had time to go back and trace which facts came for which source).
"flanker brand"
todo
find the names of a few companies working on sodium-ion
calculate if nickel is in shortage or not
[[housing shortage]]
a major root cause of high rent / gentrification which leads to overworking, over-renovation and [[home waste]]. {{en}} gives landlords too much power
build more without demolishing existing (gentrification bad)
subdivide suburban houses or family-sized apartments{{npn}} - helps stop the '''single housing shortage'''
turn offices into homes{{npn|[[commercial to residential]] should contain considerations such as "building codes - need changing"}}
zoning laws getting in the way of both
ok but if vacant homes outnumber homeless people, do we really have a housing shortage? <sup>[DISCUSSION needed]</sup>
category:housing category:problems(political, social, economic; not to be confused with category:challenges)
[[heating and cooling]]
Here are some estimates for heating/cooling a 2000 square foot house to 20 degrees celsius, with average-case insulation: Table:
Outdoor temperature {{p|As in, an average of the outdoor temperatures of the past 24 hours or so.}}
m^2 solar PV, with [[heat pump]]
m^2 solar thermal {{p|assuming average [[hot water use]]}}
co2eq/day natural gas combustion
co2eq/day electric heat pump with natural gas power plant (simple type)
An apartment usually takes less heating energy per capita, because it's smaller than a house and it's and attached to other apartments.{{qn}} But in high-rise buildings, [[rooftop solar]] is not enough to power all the housing units (although the surplus electricity from surrounding suburbs may be enough).
[[commercial space]] - how much is there
quote "In 2018, the United States had the highest square footage of retail space per capita worldwide at 23.5 square feet per person." from Statista [https://www.statista.com/statistics/1058852/retail-space-per-capita-selected-countries-worldwide/ Retail space per capita in selected countries worldwide 2018] Note this doesnt say anything about how much office space there is or isnt
for comparison: "The median amount of space per person is 700 square feet. But housing in the United States varies so much that the average square footage of a house can be ..." from TitleMax [https://www.titlemax.com/discovery-center/first-time-home-buyer/where-in-the-u-s-can-you-get-the-most-square-feet-per-person/ Where in the U.S. Can You Get the Most Square Feet Per Person]
[[shipping container homes]] - some simple designs, village idea, plus case study of env footprint. do it in subpages i guess
[[heating networks]]
captures waste heat from industries
what percent of homes (that need heating) are actually near industries tho?
could more industries be moved back into neighborhoods just like the olden days? only if we eliminate their pollution & noise first.
[[lfp batteries]] - Compared to cobalt-based lithium-ion batteries, LFP batteries are generally less energy-dense, meaning that more weight of batteries is needed to hold the same charge. This is not a problem for city buses, which need to have extra weight on the bottom anyway, in order to stay balanced.
[[tidal power]] is a type of [[hydropower]] that uses tides...
impact on ecosystems - qualitative ''and'' quantitative
square(13m) gravity waterdensity 2/day = 38.363978 W/m^2
but with mechanical losses, probably close to 10 W/m^2
thats better than wind which is like 5 W/m^2 i think?
solar is 50 W/m^2 ish
geography - suitable locations - all shores or just bays/coves?
eroi, intermittency and whatelse idk
[[rooftop solar]] - The viability is ultimately a function of the ''total'' population density in the local area.
[[File:energy-demand-pie1.png]] - nuances to consider
quote "The embodied carbon from building construction is responsible for 10% of all energy-related global emissions" - [https://www.ecohome.net/news/1577/infographic-of-the-mid-rise-wood-v-concrete-construction-comparison-report/ Infographic of the mid-rise wood v concrete construction ...]
so in that sense, it's not just the small consumer goods that people buy, but the bigger things like houses. See [[frugalism for housing]]. And we don't exactly know how much of all this construction is a function of ''government'' spending rather than consumer spending.
see also: climate change pie chart: full factors include consumerism, driving, food choices/waste, housing choices, government spending, ...?
[[solar roadways]] - main problem: fragility?
[[hydrogen]] - safety: lindenburg disaster: the hydrogen wasn't used as fuel, it was used as a lightweight gas to make the blimp float on air. today helium is used for that purpose instead. hydrogen in a pressurized tank is no more dangerous than propane or natural gas.
[[heating]] or some other page - strategies?
better to close the inner window imperfectly and the outer window perfectly, instead of the other way around. The double window relies on a cushion of air to keep you warm. Winds from outside would break that air cushion if the outer window isn't closed properly.
if you need fresh air, better to open the window fully for a few minutes to flush out all the air and start anew. Don't just chronically leaving the window open just a crack - it gives too little fresh air for too much cold.
if you really have to smoke in the stairwell, still just keep the windows closed. opening them doesn't let out much smoke, but it does let out the heat. besides, smoke settles after a few minutes anyway (the smell remains but the cancer-causing chemicals don't), so no one else will be harmed by smoking with the windows closed.
make sign: "please do not open the hallway windows in the winter", "please do not open the stairwell windows in the winter", or "please do not open the windows in the hallway or stairwell during the winter"
"svp ne pas ouvrir les fenetres dans les corridors ou les escaliers pendant l'hiver"
[[MediaWiki:Common.css]] [[MediaWiki/Mobile.css]]
increase the spacing ''between'' paragraphs very slightly
also increase the spacing between bullet points
'''do not''' increase the overall line spacing!
[[Template:(whatever)]] - maybe i should rely on ''highlighting'' to differentiate some kinds of text?
what are my main opinions about [[housing]]? make pages on each one:
[[Basic housing]] - this page is to estimate the bare minimum amount of resources it takes to sustain a decent quality of [[housing]]. case study: specs: 1 room per capita; everything in working condition; no cosmetic renos; have some common space if large building; other stuff to prevent loneliness; water and electricity free unless you exceed some fairly high threshold. Estimate labor, carbonOrEnergy, materials: of maintenence inc infractructure + construction amortized over max lifespan. if you'd like to do a different analysis of all this, post your idea on the talk page
[[Guaranteed basic housing]] - a socialist implementation of bh above; how economics would work etc
[[How high rents cause wasted resources]] - over-renovation, evictions ([[home waste]]), demolition of non-condemned buildings bc the land is valued more than whats on it. quantify env footprint. who does it benefit: just a few upper class petit bourgeois folks
[[Housing shortage]] - possible root cause of high rents. caused by zoning
[[Single housing shortage]] - canada et al, promote solutions
[[Commercial to residential]] - covid and link back to shs above
[[Subdividing housing]] - inc. apartments and
unanswered questions
any solution to increase supply without building new, in cases where single housing isnt the shortage?
[[basic food]] - this page is to estimate the bare minimum amount of resources it takes to feed a person, providing 100% of all known nutritional needs. {{mbox|Sorry if this page feels dystopian - no one is forcing you to eat this way - it's just a thought experiment to better understand what it takes to eradicate [[global hunger]].}}
[[walkability]] - via new construction of midrise bldg: co2 per capita, equal to how many years of average driving emissions (assuming 1 car per 2 people? or assuming average usa per-capita driving idk)?
[[Thorium]],[[Thorium-232]],[[Thorium breeder reactors]] -> [[Thorium power]]
it's a breeder reactor
what's holding it back rn?
[[insulation]] - consideration: cat doors - minor impact - solvable by having a double or triple flap cat tunnel (preferably where each flap is spaced at least one cat length apart)
[[single-person housing]] - rationale - status quo / without single-person housing
most people have to find roommates via the internet, which is a crapshoot. It's hard to judge who is trustworthy, especially when there isn't a lot of time to find someone.
{{minor|Why don't people just move in with friends, you ask? Because the opportunity rarely presents itself. The chances that one of your friends is moving ''and'' needs a place at the exact same time as you, is quite low. Also, roommateship has been known to tear some friendships apart.}}
None of this would be an issue if there was more single-person housing available.
[[basic housing]] superficial renos example - redoing floors and counters due to being stained from previous tenant but still perfectly liveable
[[Project:Top-down but open-source]]
This wiki helps enable a "top-down but open-source" approach to fixing the world.
* '''Top-down''' in the sense that we start with the biggest goals first - for example we know that we need to stop [[climate change]]; we know that we need to end [[global hunger]]. Then we break those goals down into multiple levels of detail on what needs to be done, and who might be able to do it.
* '''Open-source''' in the sense that anyone can be part of the discussion, anyone can make their own version of the analysis, and anyone can be part of the process of building consensus.
I believe that this approach has never been tried before, because when most people think of "top-down", they think of an authoritarian closed-source system; and when most people think of "open-source", they think of things that only take a bottom-up approach. Top-down open-source feels like a contradiction, but it isn't.
This wiki isn't fully open yet, but it will be soon. You are still free to copy & modify the content and make your own version to post elsewhere on the internet.
[[delivery]] - Speed vs fuel efficiency tradeoff - could be beat if there was a culture of understanding, businesses could be honest & transparent and say something like "due to high fuel prices, your order will be delayed as it must be pooled with more orders going the same route. Thank you for your patience"
[[sodium-ion]] rethink bc on markt now and almost as good as li-ion, according to wikipedia
[[lithium-ion]] rethink w new numbers
"In 2020, an average lithium-ion battery contained around 28.9 kilograms of nickel, 7.7 kilogram of cobalt, and 5.9 kilogram of lithium."
Oct 9, 2023, [https://www.statista.com/statistics/1247675/weight-of-metal-in-lithium-ion-batteries/ Weight of metal in lithium-ion batteries 2020 - Statista]
[[nuclear fusion]]
mention somewhere that hydrogen fusion is the same process that the sun gets its energy from
periodic table highlighting "elements suitable for fusion" and "elements suitable for fission"
caption: [[Conventional nuclear power]] uses nuclear ''fission'' (splitting large atoms apart), whereas nuclear [[fusion]] is the opposite: colliding small atoms together.
[[Energy supply solutions summary]] phrasing #2
[[Solar panels]] on just about every rooftop, plus [[the great battery challenge|battery]] energy storage. This would provide enough "general-purpose" electricity for homes & buildings, except heating.
[[Wind power]] used mostly for producing [[hydrogen gas]] which would then be used for heating, cooking, vehicles and factories that need high heat for processing materials etc. {{minor|Some wind electricity can also be used directly, during high-wind seasons in locations where power lines can reach the locations of energy demand.}}
[[Hydropower]] (including [[tidal]]) in any suitable geographic regions.
[[Geothermal power]] in any suitable geographic regions.
Vehicles would be a mix of ''battery'' [[EVs]], [[hydrogen combustion vehicles]], and occasionally hydrogen [[fuel cell vehicles]].
[[sodium-ion]]
update about market: hina battery et al
are existing ones low-cobalt and low-nickel tho?
next steps for society
battery manufacturers should start making them
EV companies should use them
[[Conventional nuclear power#FAQ]] "but i heard that nuclear fuel can last 4 billion years" - external link: https://whatisnuclear.com/nuclear-sustainability.html
The 4 billion years assumes the use of breeder reactors (uranium-238). It also assumes that uranium can viably be sourced from seawater (not just regular mining). The article cited above describes this in detail.
[[seawater uranium extraction]] - eroi - moderate / questionable - only worthwhile if breeder reactors
[[thorium from dirt]] - average dirt has 20x more energy per mass than coal, if we can extract it
[[climate change]]
causes - fossil fuels, deforestation, other. show pie
effects - copy from on2ottawa speech
solutions - supply-side and demand-side
faq - debunking myths
[[li-ion#FAQ]] - but I heard that Tesla batteries are only 3% cobalt
The li-ion batteries used in the calculations above are ''also'' about 3% cobalt{{p|{{calc|li_ion.cobalt_by_energy * li_ion.energy_by_mass|%}} }} but the results still show that it's too much cobalt.
[[lfp batteries]]
does not contain cobalt or nickel
lithium, iron, phosphate, aluminium, graphite
lithium - limitation in some cases
lifespan - good - can withstand 2 to 4 times more charge cycles than nmc-type lithium-ion.
<ref>LFP Battery In Your Next EV? Tesla and Others Say Yes. | Recurrent Auto | https://www.recurrentauto.com/research/lfp-battery-in-your-next-ev-tesla-and-others-say-yes | Jun 15, 2023</ref>
then again, somewhat more charge cycles expected due to smaller capacity. still overall a longer lifespan in terms of kilometers driven tho
charge capacity - good enough - at least 60% as much as nmc lithium-ion
[[lithium-ion]] - [[File:metal-content-of-battery-chemistries-by-weight.png]]
Summary: Mineral profiles of various lithium-based rechargeable battery chemistries
Source: [https://spotlight.bloomberg.com/story/battery-metals-outlook/page/7/2 BloombergNEF]
[[energy storage]]
how much would be needed - quick estimates
for vehicles
world.cars * ev.battery * commercial_factor
for on-grid smoothing out day-night cycle if [[solar]] were the world's main energy source
24 hours energy.tfc
for smoothing out intermittencies if [[wind]] power were the world's main energy source (probably could be done via [[hydrogen gas]])
20 days energy.tfc (and link to some chart about how long u can expect wind power to go without generating, even when many local turbines are combined)
this is relevant when analyzing scalability of a particular battery type such as [[lfp batteries]] - usually just looking at the vehicles part is a good enough assessment.
make {{grid energy storage}} and {{vehicle energy storage}} templates
go thru each energy storage type page
use them
standardize considerations
figure out [[how food choices affect land use]]
[[zoning]] - [[low-cost housing]] is possible; zoning laws get in the way
examples, from least extreme to most extreme: duplexes, apartment complexes, earthships, shipping container homes
[[passivhaus]] is a standard for energy efficiency for homes & buildings.
case studies - how much energy to heat/cool; can it be covered by solar panels idk
[[Video:Rinsing feet efficiently]] -> [[File:Rinsing feet efficiently.mpg]]
rinse once, then rub feet together, then rinse again
cold water only: get used to the shock, it's not that bad and it keeps u healthy anyway
(i can make this video next time i gotta wash my feet, preferably when they visibly dirty; apply a mirror to my toes to slightly decrease identifiability)
[[processed food]] - best case, loss of vitamins but not minerals. systemic: fortify; personal: take a multivitamin
[[mess buildings]] - faq: you think bedbugs are ok?
no, but I think cockroaches are ok {{p2|[see why]|{{pn|TODO: copy from old notes}} }}. By the way, bedbugs have little to do with how clean or dirty a home is.
[[thorium]] - {{mbox|{{pn|so what's holding it back?}} }}
[[Tradeoff:Packaging vs food waste]]
[[Tradeoff:Scarce metals vs energy efficiency]]
[[Tradeoff:Fresh air vs wasted heat]]
User:Elie: I live in Canada where this happens a lot. People are constantly opening windows in the winter for "fresh air" and wasting a sh1t ton of heat in the process.
Recommendations (section)
Home/Personal:
* '''Get it done with.''' Don't keep the window open a crack - that just makes the same stale air colder. Instead, open all the windows 100% for 1 or 2 minutes - open multiple windows at once, to really flush everything out. Then close all the windows immediately. If your windows have two layers, be sure to close both. Now your place is full of fresh clean air that will warm up quickly. This gives you more "bang for your buck".
* If you have to smoke indoors, do it in the smallest room possible.
* If you're just too hot, turn down the heat and take off some clothes while you're waiting for the place to cool down. Don't open windows if the air isn't dirty.
* Don't open windows in hallways or [[common spaces]] of apartment buildings. Even if it feels hot on the higher floors (because heat rises), open windows on higher floors create drafts that make it cold for the people on lower floors.
* Fix janky windows. <sup>[VIDEO needed]</sup> In most cases, this doesn't cost anything except a good 10 minutes to get it right and you never have to mess with it again.
Systemic: Get a [[heat exchanger]] {{en}}
How about a [[Hot take:...]] pseudo-namespace?
[[User:Elie/Theory:Why there are more wars recently]]
History is full of wars, but less so during the past decades, because "neoliberalism brought countries together". Problem is, the only global commonality has been trade & economics, which are tuned in a way that puts way too much strain on the average worker and on the environment. As people drop out of that system (rightfully so) (i.e. the "great resignation"), it weakens one of the few things that keep countries aligned with each other. We desperately need new kinds of unity.
[[igloo maker]]
[[Category:Unconfirmed ideas]]
design that works in any temperature and builds a suite of stable igloos that allow a lot of people to sleep somewhere remote
rationale: places like Canada where housing is scarce/expensive and winters are harsh
[[coffee]] - waste
50% of food is wasted in western countries,<!--TALK: be more specific on which countries?--> and I'd wager that the percentage is even higher for coffee. People are extremely picky about their coffee. Cafes typically brew a batch of coffee and throw out whatever doesn't sell after 45 minutes, because they want to uphold a reputation of "always fresh". Lots of people order coffee and don't finish all of it. Especially when people drink it slowly while doing something else, and by the time it's half finished, the other half is "too cold, don't feel like drinking it". Anyway, to put this in perspective, coffee production probably isn't a big fraction of agricultural [[land]] {{qn}} but maybe ''is'' a big fraction of agricultural [[labor]] (especially in the global south) {{qn}}.
[[cat food]]
is meat byproducts humans wouldnt eat
todo: find stats how much meat cats n dogs eat, compare to humans, how much would meat production decrease if humans didnt eat meat and only pets did
vegan cat food
conversation (from facebook) - todo convert this to non-convo format?:
What do vegans feed their cats? Serious question.
you can get vegan cat food now with taurine
you know what's interesting (you probably know this already) is that people who just yesterday learned the term "obligate carnivore" will scream animal abuse about plant based cat food while the shit they feed their own cats uses the EXACT SAME plant based taurine supplement that the vegan food uses, because taurine cannot survive the cooking process of conventional cat food.
[[EVs]] - rare earth magnets
{{dp|||Mass of magnets in an electric vehicle (in the motors etc)}}
{{dp|||Fraction of neodymium in strong magnets}}
{{dp|neodymium.reserves}}
rare earth magnets are also needed for [[wind]] turbines
{{pn|This section could use some calculations regarding the other elements in magnets, just to make sure there's no other mineral scarcity to worry about.}}
[[rooftop solar]] - case studies - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJeSWbR6W04 - seasonal variation is pretty extreme tbh
[[Project:Needs]] - a "levels" that can include formatting (italics, bold, links)
[[Accellerationism]]
building a better world from the ashes of collapse - is harder, not easier, than building a better world from today's world
example: buildings & infrastructure - far more efficient to use existing stuff - far more labor intensive to redo everything from scratch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQmoQEeNYrs
[[multivitamin]] - faq - but i thought most supplements are useless - most trends focus on supplementing one or two specific vitamins or minerals or even something that's already produced by the human body - yes, this is useless in most cases. But a broad-spectrum multivitamin is different - it helps most people, because you never know what your food might be deficient in.
[[rare earth magnets]] - neodymium magnets most common and powerful - chem formula Nd2Fe14B, so how does that scale up to the mineral reserves of those 3 elements
[[flight]] - solutions - Taxes that increase as people fly more often and as they fly further (from uk citizens assembly)
[[local food]] - not obvious whether it's better or worse - its on a case-by-case basis (consider writing many 1-paragraph "case study" type thought experiments)
in general, shipping is outweighed by other env footprints of food production
for example could be that a particular crop could be grown far more efficiently somewhere farther away, better crop yields, lower carbon, better than trying to grow the same thing locally and waste land etc
also sometimes farmers markets are worse fuel consumption per unit of food. i.e. shipping 40km in a not-well-packed van can be worse than shipping 400km in an efficiently packed truck
[[short-range EVs]] - possible business model - when u buy a SREV, you get a voucher to rent a LREV for a road trip for 1 week per year or something
[[on-demand buses]] (from citizens assembly UK) "This would involve buses in rural areas and smaller towns that you can call through an app or phone. These buses would pick you up from where you are and drop you where you need to go, or to another bus or rail interchange."
[[Project:Coolboard]] or whatever i wanna call it
elements
clauses (sequential)
group (with a title) (many squares, each with a pic and/or text)
sequential bullets (formattable text, each maybe w a small pic on the left)
popup (button is a text or icon or whatever)
link (ibid) (confirm navigation perhaps)
points that need to be there but arent filled in yet
decisions
should all layouts be fixed regardless of screen size, or should maybe the square list width vary by aspect ratio?
[[heating]] - heating is far more significant than other energy use in the home, especially in colder countries.
in fact, any wasted electricity (indoors) is equivalent to an electric heater {{npn|[[read more]]}}
[[district heating]] considerations
sources - good for when you have something near the homes
data centers yes
power plants kinda yes although probably only a small fraction of the waste heat would get used since theyre big and the heat can only be piped so far
what else?
without these sources, dh is not any better than conventional heating
estimate how much of heating could really be replaced with dh - breakdown by country perhaps, link to case studies etc?
distance - how long is viable
eroi - estimated from costs of construction/installation vs costs of heating saved idk
[[insulation retrofits]] - case studies?
carbon & labor footprint of ripping out nice walls to add more insulation and rebuild the wall (sometimes to worse quality, less sturdy) - probably not worth it? and would there even be enough tradespeople per capita to do this on a mass scale?
are there better solutions? like some kinda insulation-filled boards to tack onto existing walls?
what about for windows? EROI?
[[Term:microanalysis]] [[Term:quick analysis]] - like a case study or estimate, but extremely simplified, typically being just a paragraph or maybe a page
[[expensive green]]
if an expensive "green idea" barely pays for itself in terms of '''money''', why should we assume that it would pay for itself in terms of '''environmental footprint'''? it probably doesn't tbh (in a lot of cases)
principles worth understanding: Energy return on energy invested [[EROI]], carbon ROI {{en}}, energy-materials-labor tradeoffs {{en}}
case studies - {{empty}}
[[main page]]
things i should make clear right off the bat
this is not wikipedia
expect opinionated language
what this wiki does/doesnt cover
citations are buried in calculations
mixing simple and advanced concepts
annotations about 'page needs'
main wiki purpose: clarifying and perscribing solutions to whoever tf needs to change
temporarily
no citations at all
elie is the only editor - if u want to change something on the page then put a comment on the talk page
link to more detailed page abt this, which also links to many of my other projectpages, especially [[:Citations]]
maybe put this as a section at the bottom: "what to expect about the content"
this is not wikipedia. this is a place for all forms of discourse, no matter the style (as long as it's in good faith).
you'll see stuff written in simple layman's terms, and then right beside it, all the academic nuances and technical knowledge that it's based on. As a reader, it's up to you to choose your own level of detail.
there is no one single "target audience" - social change has to come from multiple angles. We like to perscribe what governments should do - and what businesses should do - and what ordinary people should do - sometimes all in one paragraph ☺
some pages are well-written; some are half-baked. This is on purpose. Low-quality content is needed to get the ball rolling on making high-quality content.
[[project:citations|citations are lacking]] for now. this will improve in the future
one man show