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Energy storage: Difference between revisions
→Lithium-ion batteries
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===Lithium-ion batteries=== | ===Lithium-ion batteries=== | ||
[[Lithium-ion batteries]] are the current standard for electric cars and most small gadgets (phones, laptops, etc). | |||
Is there enough lithium? | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>li_ion.cell_voltage</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>3.6 volts</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>Voltage of a single lithium-ion cell.</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/battery-technology/</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
https://www.fluxpower.com/blog/what-is-the-energy-density-of-a-lithium-ion-battery</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
It's 3.6 volts for the "cobalt type" of lithium-ion battery. Other types might have a very slightly different voltage.</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>li_ion.lithium_by_energy</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>0.3 grams per amp hour li_ion.cell_voltage</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>To store a given amount of energy in lithium-ion batteries, this is how much lithium would be needed.</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://batteryguy.com/kb/knowledge-base/how-to-calculate-the-lithium-content-in-a-battery/</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
The article says lithium per amp hour. We convert this to lithium per watt hour (energy), by including the cell voltage.</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>lithium.reserves</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>18425000 tonnes</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>Lithium metal: Total global mineral reserves</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://www.statista.com/statistics/268790/countries-with-the-largest-lithium-reserves-worldwide/</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
Added up all the countries: 9,200,000 + 4,700,000 + 1,900,000 + 1,500,000 + 750,000 + 220,000 + 95,000 + 60,000 = 18,425,000 metric tons</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{calc | |||
|vehicle_energy_storage_needed * li_ion.lithium_by_energy | |||
|% lithium.reserves | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>li_ion.cobalt_by_energy</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>20 kg per 100 kilowatt hours</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>To store a given amount of energy, in lithium-ion batteries (cobalt type), this is how much cobalt would be needed.</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/reducing-reliance-cobalt-lithium-ion-batteries</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>cobalt.reserves</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>7.1 million tonnes</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>Cobalt metal: Total global mineral reserves</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://www.statista.com/statistics/264930/global-cobalt-reserves/</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{calc | |||
|vehicle_energy_storage_needed * li_ion.cobalt_by_energy | |||
|% cobalt.reserves | |||
}} | |||
===Iron-redox flow batteries=== | ===Iron-redox flow batteries=== | ||