Energy storage: Difference between revisions

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In the pursuit of green [[energy]], storage is needed for 2 reasons:
In the pursuit of green [[energy]], storage is needed for 2 reasons:
# To smooth out the intermittency of [[solar]] and [[wind]] power.
# To smooth out the intermittency of [[solar]] and [[wind]] power.
# To store energy in [[electric vehicles|electric vehicles]] without gasoline or diesel.
# To store energy in [[electric vehicles]].


==How much would be needed?==
<small>Note: This page does not include [[thermal energy storage]].</small>


==Types / Candidates==
{|class="wikitable"
!Type
!Status
|-
|[[Sodium-ion batteries]]
|Good potential / needs investment.
|-
|[[Sodium-sulfur batteries]]
|Good potential / needs investment.
|-
|[[Hydrogen gas]]
|Okay for some applications, but too lossy & platinum-intensive for others.
|-
|[[Lithium ferro phosphate batteries]]<!--(LiFePo4 or LFP)-->
|Okay if used in moderation. A bit too lithium-intensive to be a general solution.
|-
|[[Lithium-ion batteries]] <small>(NMC/NCA type)</small>
|Not scalable enough: Too [[cobalt]]-intensive.
|-
|[[Lithium-sulfur batteries]]
|Can't handle enough charge cycles.<!--
|-
|Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12 or LTO)
|? -->
|-
|[[Lead-acid batteries]]
|Toxic / hazardous.
|-
!colspan=2|Stationary storage only (power grid, not vehicles)
|-
|[[Iron redox flow batteries]]
|Good potential / needs investment.
|-
|[[Compressed air energy storage|Compressed air]]
|?
|-
|[[Pumped hydro]]
|Only viable in rare geographical locations.
|-
|[[Flywheels]]
|?
|-
|[[Gravity blocks]]
|Not viable: Outrageously high environmental footprint of construction.
|-
|}
<small>For more details, read the wikipage of each energy storage type. Links are in the table.</small>
So far, sodium-based batteries seem to have the [[the great battery challenge|most hope]] of being a widespread solution - along with iron-based batteries for stationary energy storage.
<!--
==How much energy storage might be needed?==
Some quick estimates:
===Vehicles===
{{dp
{{dp
|ev.battery
|ev.battery
|65.2 kWh
|65.2 kWh
|Energy capacity of the average electric vehicle battery
|Energy capacity of the average electric vehicle battery
|<cite>Useable battery capacity of full electric vehicles</cite>https://ev-database.org/cheatsheet/useable-battery-capacity-electric-car
|<cite>Useable battery capacity of full electric vehicles</cite><br />https://ev-database.org/cheatsheet/useable-battery-capacity-electric-car
}}
}}
{{dp
{{dp
Line 15: Line 71:
|1.446 billion
|1.446 billion
|
|
|<cite>How Many Cars Are There In The World in 2022?</cite>
|<cite>How Many Cars Are There In The World in 2022?</cite><br />https://hedgescompany.com/blog/2021/06/how-many-cars-are-there-in-the-world/
https://hedgescompany.com/blog/2021/06/how-many-cars-are-there-in-the-world/
}}
}}
{{dp
{{dp
Line 29: Line 84:
|vehicle_energy_storage_needed
|vehicle_energy_storage_needed
}}
}}
^ This could be reduced by [[walkability]] and [[public transit]] (specifically rail).
^ This could be reduced by [[walkability]] and [[public transit]] (specifically [[trains]]).


===Other===
{{dp
{{dp
|other_energy.tfc
|other_energy.tfc
Line 38: Line 94:
}}
}}
{{dp
{{dp
|timescale
|storage_timescale
|24 hours
|24 hours
|How big the "buffer" of energy storage would have to be to be resiliant against weather fluctuations
|How big the "buffer" of energy storage would have to be to be resiliant against weather fluctuations
Line 44: Line 100:
}}
}}
{{calc
{{calc
|other_energy.tfc * timescale
|other_energy.tfc * storage_timescale
|terajoules
|terajoules
|grid_energy_storage_needed
|other_energy_storage_needed
}}
}}
^ This could be reduced by alternative heating/cooling systems for homes/buildings.
^ This could be reduced by alternative heating/cooling systems for homes/buildings.


==Types==
There are more options for this type of energy storage, because it's stationary (not moving in a vehicle).
 
===Hydrogen gas===
 
===Lithium-ion batteries===
 
===Iron-redox flow batteries===


===Flywheels===
These numbers might be reused on other wikipages to assess the large-scale viability of various types of energy storage. Don't worry if you're not familiar with <code>terajoules</code> as an [[energy/units|energy unit]].


===Compressed air===


===Gravity blocks===
TODO:
* Improve the above commented-out calculations.
* Put them in templates {{Grid energy storage}} and {{Vehicle energy storage}}
* Use the templates on the wikipage of each energy storage type.
-->
[[Category:Energy storage]]

Latest revision as of 15:57, 26 February 2024

In the pursuit of green energy, storage is needed for 2 reasons:

  1. To smooth out the intermittency of solar and wind power.
  2. To store energy in electric vehicles.

Note: This page does not include thermal energy storage.

Types / Candidates

Type Status
Sodium-ion batteries Good potential / needs investment.
Sodium-sulfur batteries Good potential / needs investment.
Hydrogen gas Okay for some applications, but too lossy & platinum-intensive for others.
Lithium ferro phosphate batteries Okay if used in moderation. A bit too lithium-intensive to be a general solution.
Lithium-ion batteries (NMC/NCA type) Not scalable enough: Too cobalt-intensive.
Lithium-sulfur batteries Can't handle enough charge cycles.
Lead-acid batteries Toxic / hazardous.
Stationary storage only (power grid, not vehicles)
Iron redox flow batteries Good potential / needs investment.
Compressed air ?
Pumped hydro Only viable in rare geographical locations.
Flywheels ?
Gravity blocks Not viable: Outrageously high environmental footprint of construction.

For more details, read the wikipage of each energy storage type. Links are in the table.

So far, sodium-based batteries seem to have the most hope of being a widespread solution - along with iron-based batteries for stationary energy storage.

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