Energy storage: Difference between revisions
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===Lithium-ion batteries=== | ===Lithium-ion batteries=== | ||
[[Lithium-ion batteries]] are the current standard for electric cars and most small gadgets (phones, laptops, etc). | |||
Is there enough lithium? | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>li_ion.cell_voltage</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>3.6 volts</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>Voltage of a single lithium-ion cell.</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/battery-technology/</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
https://www.fluxpower.com/blog/what-is-the-energy-density-of-a-lithium-ion-battery</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
It's 3.6 volts for the "cobalt type" of lithium-ion battery. Other types might have a very slightly different voltage.</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>li_ion.lithium_by_energy</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>0.3 grams per amp hour li_ion.cell_voltage</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>To store a given amount of energy in lithium-ion batteries, this is how much lithium would be needed.</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://batteryguy.com/kb/knowledge-base/how-to-calculate-the-lithium-content-in-a-battery/</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
The article says lithium per amp hour. We convert this to lithium per watt hour (energy), by including the cell voltage.</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>lithium.reserves</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>18425000 tonnes</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>Lithium metal: Total global mineral reserves</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://www.statista.com/statistics/268790/countries-with-the-largest-lithium-reserves-worldwide/</nowiki><br /><nowiki> | |||
Added up all the countries: 9,200,000 + 4,700,000 + 1,900,000 + 1,500,000 + 750,000 + 220,000 + 95,000 + 60,000 = 18,425,000 metric tons</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{calc | |||
|vehicle_energy_storage_needed * li_ion.lithium_by_energy | |||
|% lithium.reserves | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>li_ion.cobalt_by_energy</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>20 kg per 100 kilowatt hours</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>To store a given amount of energy, in lithium-ion batteries (cobalt type), this is how much cobalt would be needed.</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/reducing-reliance-cobalt-lithium-ion-batteries</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{dp | |||
|<nowiki>cobalt.reserves</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>7.1 million tonnes</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>Cobalt metal: Total global mineral reserves</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>https://www.statista.com/statistics/264930/global-cobalt-reserves/</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
{{calc | |||
|vehicle_energy_storage_needed * li_ion.cobalt_by_energy | |||
|% cobalt.reserves | |||
}} | |||
===Iron-redox flow batteries=== | ===Iron-redox flow batteries=== |
Revision as of 00:34, 24 October 2022
In the pursuit of green energy, storage is needed for 2 reasons:
- To smooth out the intermittency of solar and wind power.
- To store energy in electric vehicles without gasoline or diesel.
How much would be needed?
Vehicles
https://ev-database.org/cheatsheet/useable-battery-capacity-electric-car
https://hedgescompany.com/blog/2021/06/how-many-cars-are-there-in-the-world/
^ This could be reduced by (calculation loading)walkability and public transit (specifically trains).
Other
We subtract transport because it was already dealt with above. We subtract industrial because - in principle, most factories/industry could just run during peak sunlight/wind, needing negligable energy storage.
^ This could be reduced by alternative heating/cooling systems for homes/buildings. (calculation loading)
There are more options for this type of energy storage, because it's stationary (not moving in a vehicle).
How much storage is this really?
Most people aren't familiar with terajoules. Let's express it instead in terms of "gallons of gasoline equivalent energy" per person.
(calculation loading)
This much energy has to be stored in some other way (not gasoline).
Types
Hydrogen gas
Lithium-ion batteries
Lithium-ion batteries are the current standard for electric cars and most small gadgets (phones, laptops, etc).
Is there enough lithium?
https://www.fluxpower.com/blog/what-is-the-energy-density-of-a-lithium-ion-battery
It's 3.6 volts for the "cobalt type" of lithium-ion battery. Other types might have a very slightly different voltage.
The article says lithium per amp hour. We convert this to lithium per watt hour (energy), by including the cell voltage.
Added up all the countries: 9,200,000 + 4,700,000 + 1,900,000 + 1,500,000 + 750,000 + 220,000 + 95,000 + 60,000 = 18,425,000 metric tons
(calculation loading)
(calculation loading)