Nuclear power: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:24, 22 January 2023

Fission

All of today's nuclear power plants run on nuclear fission.

Supply

Today's nuclear plants depend on uranium-235, which is far too scarce. If the whole world was powered this way, we'd start to run out of it in less than 4 years:

uranium.reserves

8.070 million tonnes uranium_natural

Global uranium mineral reserves, measured in energy units

The calculator understands "tonnes uranium_natural" as an energy unit. It's based on the fact that natural uranium is just 0.7% uranium-235 (the isotope we extract energy from). The rest is uranium-238, which isn't useful for energy unless we use breeder reactors.

Citation:
Uranium 2020: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book')
"The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U."

nuclear_power_plant.efficiency

33%

Electrical output divided by the heat energy of the nuclear reactor

Nuclear power plants convert heat (from uranium-235, currently) into electricity. The process is approximately 33% efficient.

Citation: Key World Energy Statistics 2020 (IEA report) - Page 73 - Glossary - Nuclear

energy.tfc

9937.70 Mtoe/year

Global energy usage - total final consumption (TFC)

Includes: fuel (80.7%) + electricity (19.3%) AFTER it is generated.

Does not include the fuel used in generating electricity. See [energy.tes] for that.

Citation: "Key World Energy Statistics 2020" IEA
- Page 47 - Simplified energy balance table - World energy balance, 2018

years energy.tfc (calculation loading) We'd run out even faster if all nations were developed.

Since uranium-235 and uranium-238 occur together in nature(...)( in the following proportion: uranium-238 (99.3%) and uranium-235 (0.7%). The proportion does not vary, no matter what part of the Earth's crust the uranium is mined from. ), the 238 component ends up as nuclear waste.

These two problems could be solved with breeder reactors that make use of uranium-238 and/or thorium - both of which are far more abundant fuels. However, major innovations are needed before this is viable and safe.

For now, nuclear power is best suited as only a baseload.

There is also some talk about extracting uranium from seawater, but the viability of this is questionable (like other trace minerals), because the concentration is extremely low.

Safety concerns

Proliferation

If uranium gets into the wrong hands, it can be used to make thermonuclear bombs. Nuclear power plants need strong redundant security measures to mitigate this risk.

Meltdowns

This has happened twice in history: Chernobyl and Fukushima.

Fusion

Nuclear fusion is not currently viable for generating power. It has great potential solve the energy crisis(...)( it could power the world for billions of years, from only tiny amounts of abundant material, and with almost no pollution ), but it is nowhere near ready yet (despite some misleading news headlines).

The most recent breakthrough was in December 2022. Fusion research & development is certainly worthwhile, but we can't "put all our eggs in one basket". Climate change is near a tipping point, so we need clean energy sooner than fusion might be available.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Fission==
-[[Nuclear fission]] is what's currently used in all of today's nuclear power plants. Fission derives [[energy]] from heavy radioactive elements - in particular, [[uranium]].
+All of today's nuclear power plants run on nuclear fission.
 ===Supply===
-Uranium is a mineral that occurs naturally as ''a mix of two isotopes'': uranium-238 (99.3%) and uranium-235 (0.7%). The proportion does not vary in nature. Current nuclear reactors can only derive energy from the uranium-235 part.
+Today's nuclear plants depend on uranium-235, which is far too scarce. If the whole world was powered this way, we'd start to run out of it in '''less than 4 years''':
-If the whole world was powered ''only'' by nuclear fission, we'd start to run out of uranium-235 in '''less than 4 years''':
 {{dp
 |<nowiki>uranium.reserves</nowiki>
@@ Line 40: / Line 38: @@
 |<nowiki>years energy.tfc</nowiki>
 }}
-We'd run out even faster [[energy demand scenarios|if all nations were developed]].
+<small>We'd run out even faster [[energy demand scenarios|if all nations were developed]].</small>
+Since uranium-235 and uranium-238 occur together in nature{{x|in the following proportion: uranium-238 (99.3%) and uranium-235 (0.7%). The proportion does not vary, no matter what part of the Earth's crust the uranium is mined from.}}, the 238 component ends up as [[nuclear waste]].
+These two problems could be solved with [[breeder reactors]] that make use of uranium-238 and/or [[thorium]] - both of which are far more abundant fuels. However, major innovations are needed before this is viable and safe.
-Potential solutions:
+For now, nuclear power is best suited as only a [[baseload]].
-* Using nuclear power '''only''' as a [[baseload]] (in other words, only for the electricity that '''has to''' be available 24/7). Other energy could come from [[solar]] and [[wind]].
-* Extracting [[uranium from seawater]] (but the viability of this is questionable (like [[lithium|other trace minerals]]), because the concentration is extremely low).
+<small>There is also some talk about extracting [[uranium from seawater]], but the viability of this is questionable (like [[lithium|other trace minerals]]), because the concentration is extremely low.</small>
-* [[Breeder reactors]] could make use of uranium-238 (and also [[thorium]] which is somewhat more abundant than uranium).
@@ Line 58: / Line 60: @@
 ==Fusion==
-[[Nuclear fusion]] is '''not''' currently viable for generating power. Scientists are working on it - because in theory, it could power the world for millions of years, from only tiny amounts of abundant material, and with almost no pollution. Fusion has the potential to completely solve the [[energy]] crisis, but it is nowhere near ready yet (despite some misleading news headlines). It's certainly worthwhile to invest time & money into fusion, but we can't "put all our eggs in one basket". [[Climate change]] is near a [[tipping point]], so we need clean [[energy]] sooner than fusion might be available.
+[[Nuclear fusion]] is '''not''' currently viable for generating power. It has great ''potential'' solve the [[energy]] crisis{{x|it could power the world for billions of years, from only tiny amounts of abundant material, and with almost no pollution}}, but it is nowhere near ready yet (despite some misleading news headlines).
+The most recent [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbpUj1-tEhs breakthrough] was in December 2022. Fusion research & development is certainly worthwhile, but we can't "put all our eggs in one basket". [[Climate change]] is near a [[tipping point]], so we need clean [[energy]] sooner than fusion might be available.